Latin American History Essay

According to Chasteen (2006), Latin the States basis be regarded as either having a single history or non. The twenty countries can be said to induce a common history due(p) to them being similar in more ways than one. When looked at from a different perspective, they can similarly be said not to have a single history because these countries history cannot be accurately and full described in one story. This article will explore Chasteens views with the locate of establishing if his views are accurate.Jose Maria Caicedo was the first one to refer to this geographical vicinity as Latin America The introduction of this name encompassed both the Spaniards and cut speaking people occupying the lands. Latin America is comprised of countries found in the to the south of the United States of America and maybe sub-divided into regions namely Carribean, Central America, South America and North America. Latin America is the 4th largest Continent on planet Earth. History shows that the entry and exit of regions into and out of Latin America was a gradual transition that cannot be traced to specific dates.One common bluster of these countries is the European conquest and colonization. Christopher Columbus arrived there in 1942, consequently pass oning them up to the world. Eventually, the region was taken over by European supplys comprised of Portugal and Spain, who introduced diseases much(prenominal) as small pox in order to weaken the original populace. Many died, while the survivors were subjected to forced labor. Eventually independence was attained surrounded by 1810 and 1830 through a string of freedom fighters.The Latin American republics also share a religion because during the period of colonization, the Roman Catholic church service was introduced in order to override the traditions of the natives. It became the major economic political power and the authorized religion of the land. Most of the republics of Latin America, spoke the languages of romance, which were French and Spanish, with Spanish being the main dialect. Another language that was spoken is Portuguese. These dialects existed because these countries were colonized by Spain and Portugal.Some countries e. g. Guyane speak English, Suriname speaks Dutch and Brasilia speaks Portuguese. The Latin American nations hold a rich ethnicity in the make-up of the populace. We find the Amerindians who are the Aborigins, wherefore there are the Blacks who were slaves brought in from Africa, the Asians who were traders from Japan and China, Mestizos were as a direct of inter-marriage amidst the Europeans and the Amerindians and the Mulattoes from marriages between Europeans and Africans.The Whites were composed of the Spaniards and French and last but not least were the Zambos who came up as a result of mixed marriages between Africans and Amerindians. Another common trait was the signing of the International Human Rights Treaties by the 20 Latin American countries and the 28 Post Communist countries. The treaties intercommunicate civil liberties, freedoms of speech, assembly, association, movement, religion and the independence of courts. Civil liberties of Latin American countries had been surround by the Communist rule, which eventually collapsed between 1989 and 1991.Human rights and democratic self-importance governance rights significantly improved across the countries after the fall of communism. This amelioration was triggered by the increased shining of the spotlight on conduction of open and just elections. Personal integrity privileges remained explosive as they were for the most lay out affected by the struggle involving government and guerrilla movements. Crowley (1993) says the rights experienced a stunted improvement but nevertheless started showing make as from 1991. The Latin American countries went through a state of dependency and neo-colonialism.Grandin (2004) wrote that in order to safeguard its economic interest, USA pro vided fiscal, military and moral aliveness to the non-independent countries. Liberalization was initiated from 1989, though the Soviet and Yugoslav conflict continuously hindered growth. However, progress could by 1993 because there were more liberal and semi-liberal countries, and an increased show of pry for individuals rights to own property. In conclusion, it can be said that not only if are the Latin American countries unified geographically, but across the cultural, economic, sacred and historical background.Their masters without knowing united these countries, creating a wealthy people, sceptered to transform their continent into a resourceful and culturally rich continent. References Chasteen J. C. (2006). natural in Blood and Fire A Concise History of Latin America. New York W. W. Norton & Co. Crowley, W. and Timothy P. (1991). Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. New Jersey Princeton Princeton University Press. Grandin, G. (2004). The Last Colonial kill Latin America in the Cold War. Chicago Chicago University Press.

Water Runs Dry – North American Water Crisis

urine Runs Dry northwesterly American Water Crisis Collectively the fall in States is ranked as the greatest consumers of body of urine worldwide a galvanize fact for a land that cannot support its own unrivaled demands (Barlow, 2007). The joined States is now crucially dependent on nonrenew satisfactory ground pee for a lurch 50% of its daily body of irrigate usage (Barlow, 2007). In addition to much(prenominal) formidable numbers, citizens of the join States use and waste up 80-100 gallons or 454 liters of water per day (Perlman, 2009).The joined States simply doesnt possess enough impudently water or renewable sources of water to keep up with its take in demands. Nearly 40% of U. S waters be deemed unsafe for inexpert activities such as fishing and even swimming (Barlow, 2007). The Ogallala Aquifer accounts for 95% of the United States groundwater, but it is world pumped so rapidly, that not enough rainwater is provided the chance to replenish the source. As a turn up 12 billion cubic meters (bcm) a social class is extracted a year which amounts to 325 bcm of total depletion equal to the yearly flow of eighteen Colorado Rivers (BBC, 2000).At the current rates, thirty-six states stand to confront similar water crisis compared to atomic number 20 within the next five years (Barlow, 2007). As, the United States water crisis continues to turbinate violently downhill, its neighbor, Canada has already quickly followed this American trend. Dramatically changing climates has had an indelible impact on North Americas water crisis being the root to many distressing issues. The most physically visible of these issues is the rapid melting of glaciers in the North that have been wearing thin delinquent to increasing temperatures.The result of these melting glaciers means rivers in Canada such as the Alberta Bows in 50 years will be left with absolutely no flowing water aside from nonchalant flash floods that wont be able to permanently cure th e river (Barlow, 2007). Melting glaciers everywhereseas will also become a precise important concern as water from glaciers account for half of the worlds fresh water which at this current rate will not be able to sustain rising generations. Glaciers that are melting in the seas translate to fearful and unaffordable loss of drinking water as the freshwater diffuses into the saltwater.Further do of climate shift will lead to evaporation of lakes which is already flux in the St. Lawrence River, Prairies and Great Lakes. However, one catastrophic problem that arises which may wordlessly extinguish entire populations of life is the surging levels of acidity in the oceans something that is being overlooked. In conclusion, the water crisis in North America has created overwhelming ecological changes, and heavy economic strain as a product of rash over-consumption of water by humans. The effect of water pollution and vast drop of renewable water will cause great conflicts between the nations.With the water supply rapidly draining, practically Canadas abundance of freshwater, there needs to be a global consciousness towards the crisis. In order for North America and the world to curb the water crisis, there must foremost be realization and acknowledge by everyone that it exists. The next step to impeding the crisis is to sacrifice and reduce as much wasting of renewable water resources as possible, especially here in the developed world, where people are fortunate to have the surplus of resources to have access to water whereas billions jump out a daily struggle to find a glass of water.The water crisis affects everyone worldwide and the perception of this crisis being a nation versus nation, every country for themselves affair will ultimately lead to catastrophic war over water. We need to be unified in finding plausible solutions and excoriation treating renewable water for what it is-a finite resource. Our generations always discuss about how the futu re will never see beautiful national parks and splendiferous landscapes, but at this rate they may not ever get eyes on lakes or rivers as the water runs dry.References BBC. (2009). World Water Crisis. _ BBC_. Retrieved April 21, 2009, http//www. bizjournals. com /losangeles/stories/2009/04/20/daily19. html Los Angeles Business. (2009). California to restart 5,000 projects. Los Angeles Business. _ _ Retrieved April 21, 2009, http//www. bizjournals. com/losangeles/stories/2009/04/20/ daily19. html Perlman, H. (2008). Irrigation water use. USGS. Retrieved April 21, 2009, http//ga. water. usgs. gov/edu/wuir. html Perlman, H (2009).Water Q&A Water use at home. USGS. Retrieved April 21, 2009, http// ga. water. usgs. gov/edu/wuir. html Science Daily. (1999). Water Over Water Predicted by United Nations Environmental Official. Science Daily. Retrieved April 21, 2009, http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/1999/ 01/990106075344. htm Yi, M. (2009). Water projects to get $260 million of stim ulus. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 21, 2009, http//www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/article. cgi? f=/c/a/2009 /04/15/MNUQ1735QH. DTL

Harry Frankfurt

Harry Frankfurt defined the principle of toss possibilities ( PAP ) A person is mor entirelyy trusty for his sues if he couldn t produce done otherwise . And he argued as follows 1) ( PAP) is true 2) determinism every event must be the way it is and we couldn t do other is also true Conclusion ( PAP ) and determinism are not congruousThis argument is a valid argument but it is not a sound one because the author doesnot agree with the conclusion of the argument and since it is a valid argument so he decides that one of the premises is moody and doubts the first premise . By giving us an example he will try to convince us that the (PAP) is false . He states that Jones does action (A) and that Black is some kind of manipulator that has the ability to manipulate Jones so he can mortify Jones from performing actions other than (A) without Jones knowing that minatory exists .Black will manipulate only if Jones is going to decide to do otherwise , so we conclude that Jones could n t have done otherwise because of Black , nevertheless Jones is chastely responsible for action (A) because he did all on his own without the interference of Black. This example contradicts with definition of (PAP) . because jones is morally responsible even though he couldn t have done otherwise. but I think it is wise to add an argument here 1)Jones is morally responsible for his action (A) )Jones couldn t have done otherwise ( in other words his actions are determined ) We conclude that moral responsibleness is compatible with determinisim . One thing that I noticed from the example is that coloured s duty or job is to block or inhibit jones choices of actions other than action (A) . therefore the author admits that there are other choices of actions ( possible alternatives ) than action (A) , so possible alternatives is true but we have to find the right definition and application for it . Words 356?

Divorce (effects of divorce) Essay

Is mating no to a greater extent than the result of voluntary agreements between two occult individuals? Is the lack of detail concerning jointure arrangements causing all told the break debates? Does disjointment cause problems or solve them? why is man and wife much(prenominal) a religious regard and come apart such a legal experience? Why do marriages debate place under the eyes of idol while disjoints take place under the eyes of the law?I intrust that it was because of my p bents separate that I mother chosen to tackle such a controversial field. In m most(prenominal) right smarts, I am in search of my own opinion. My p arents break through the no-fault system. My dad decided it was clock time to move on to an opposite disembodied spirit I guess. The no-fault divorce is a throw of divorce granted with reveal blame being sought or established. any(prenominal)times, I try to think of how my life would stomach turned out if they were still together. I won der if life would be any best. However, thither are another(prenominal) days when I thank God for position me through such troubling times without them, I wouldnt be where I am today.What troubles me with marriage/divorce issues is that one is dealt with while the other lies on the floor. Today, we discuss marriage, and we discuss divorce, except never both(prenominal) at the same time. Should we push antenuptial counseling, or should we make divorce harder? Why must(prenominal) we discuss one or the other and not both?There are so some apparent movements concerning marriage and divorce, and that is why Im writing to you. I hope to answer round gestures you whitethorn have. though you may not form an opinion slightly no-fault divorce, you should use up this oblige with a little satisfaction, knowing that youve seen both sides of the issue.There are many commonwealth who have spoken out about no-fault divorce and family relationships, but I will focus on two. In The split Debate, Maggie Gallagher, a scholar at the Institute for American Values, tries to answer the question What, if anything, can we do about the fact that at least half of our marriages snap? In another article, The Making of a Divorce Culture, Barbara Dafoe milium discusses the idea that, Divorce hasbecome an American way of life precisely as a result of recent and revolutionary change.I was precise turned-off by Gallaghers article. First, it starts off with what the author thinks should be a divided up assumption the assumption stated that divorce is harmful for children. Not everyone believes that. She goes on by asking, Whatcan we do? Gallagher continues with her article by putting eat up other states because of their divorce stipulations. She differentiates that they are not working. Yes, she did back that statement up with information from Judith Wallersteins book, Second Chance, and statistics from the Journal of Marriage and Family, but they were inhumedbetween the many instances in which she divided the views of her opposition.The way she recognized the think behind the speedy spouse disposal or delayed quail was a nice touch. Unfortunately, Gallagher was so involved with trying to show the other side of things, she forgot to give the reasoning behind her own ideas. Through the perfect article, she used negative words or phrases to express her feelings on divorce they include harmful, delayed backlash, speedy spouse removal, eliminating, marital wrongdoing, dissolve a marriage, bitter conflict, unhappy marriages, bleak times, punishments, messy and irrelevant, and torment. However, she never once suggested a solution for the problem of divorce. How can one argue with the ideas of others, if that psyche has no argument of their own?After reading the article, I was pretty confident(p) that the author had not personally been through a divorce of her own. This alone, caused me to question her. I felt that a more personal article involving some of her own experiences would have been more convincing. I realized that she was writing with a logical approach, but I believe an emotional one would have been better. Divorce is a topic that touches every person in so many different ways. If the article would have reached to the heart, it would have been more persuasive.Though I am unhappy with the way the topic was approached, I am sure that theessay was not quickly written. Their was a lot of investigate involved in this article. Gallagher explained how different states came up with different solutions for divorce. She discussed the no-fault divorce and the postponement period before a divorce. Her statistic was a great bonus.Divorce is certainly a great topic for debate as we head into the in the buff millennium. There are many assumptions made about divorce, both shared and unshared. Some people believe that divorce is always a unwholesome thing, no matter what the situation. Others believe its a matter of what is van quish for the children (if there are any). Gallagher challenges the assumption that no-fault will.remake divorce into a kinder, gentler institution.Whiteheads article was more impressive. In the second paragraph of the article, Whitehead uses a set of statistics to point out how divorce has moved from the margins to the mainstream of American life in the space of three decades. However, statistics are not her only form of support. In her fifth paragraph, she starts to explain the new ideas that have come a considerable with the revolution. She begins to explain how people today believe that there is a honorable obligation to look after oneself. She elabo pass judgment on the statement through some(prenominal)(prenominal) of the following paragraphs.Whitehead discusses divorce as the working out of an upcountry life experience. In paragraph sixteen, she writes about no-fault divorce. Around paragraph 22, divorce is looked at as a cause for some the economical changes in society. Sh e completions her article with this statement Divorce in America is not unique, but what we have made of divorce is uniquely American.The essay made several assumptions. One assumption she expanded on was one that discussed how society is change state more in-tune with the idea of self-gratification. Though not everyone may agree, I do. more(prenominal) and more people are worrying about themselves and what will extend to them in specific situations, rather than worrying about what will go to everyone involved. One of the more recognizable assumptions made was one discussing how divorce has get children. This seems to be an assumption shared by many. Children of broken homes are deeply affected by divorce.The main question I want to observe is this Is no-fault divorce an easy way out, or is a healthy way of resolving difficult marriages? In the article Abolish No-Fault Divorce?, exemplification Dalman expresses her position when she states, Two people take the vows of marria ge, but under no-fault divorce laws, only one can dissolve the commitment. Its easier to end a marriage than it is to break a contract for buying a family appliance.Disposable marriage cheapens the commitment and degrades our vows of fidelity and lifelong love. Divorce rates across the nation have soared since the implementation of no-fault divorce standards in the archeozoic 1970s. (Ager 1) Dalman continues her argument by following with, Prevention is the best solution to any problem. While an educational program cant prevent all divorce, it does lay the groundwork for stronger unions. Families educated about problem-solving skills have a better chance for successful relationships.Ager has a different view. She says, Human relationships are imperfect and prone to disease. Not all marriages deserve to be saved, and Id argue that divorce has redeemed more human spirits than it has doomed. She thus goes on to ask .what about encouraging women to become financially independent be fore they become mothers? What about encumbering better track of dead-beat dads? What about government-financed day care? What about engageing husbands and wives to enter divorce, for the sake of their children, not as a war but as a germinal project for change? These are all very good questions that must be considered when forming opinions on the no-fault divorce debate. One section of Agers article really caught my eye. It is as followsEven now, in households were divorce is taboo, children grow up learning the ways of love from moms and dads who never embrace, who rarely laugh together, who fail to demonstrate that arguments can end with compromise and forgiveness. These moms and dads become role models for bitterness, patience or both. This is good for the kids? This teaches them commitment? No wonder commitment gets a bad rap, promising dullness and ache. Can mandated premarital counseling.help keep two people happily together until death? Chances are lithe.Premarital couns eling canthurt,but it wont train couples for marriages surprises any more than a flight supply ships routine safety speech will prepare passengers for fear in the air. You gotta live it to know it.Not only do individuals have opinions, but each state has come up with some ideas of their own. In States Put Minor Speed Bumps In Divorce Path No-Fault Backlash, Ann Tyson discusses the decisions of some states. Several states require mandatory parenting classes and plans. In Iowa, for instance, it is necessary that parents take classes so that they may better understand the practical and emotional impact of divorce on children. In Michigan, it may be required to submit little parenting plans that cover issues such as visitation, discipline, and education. (Tyson 1-2)Delaying divorce is another topic discussed in Tysons article. Bills in Georgia, Oklahoma, and Idaho have required that marriage counseling and long waiting periods take place before divorce. In some states it is required to take a series of one-hour counseling sessions before divorce, while in other states, a one-year waiting period has been put into effect. (Tyson 2) perhaps the smart choice is strengthening marriage bonds. Tom McMillen, director of the granitelike Mountain Family Council in Denver, Colorado, said, Marriage is not just a modus vivendi choice, its a critical institution that allows our culture to move forward. Some states such as Minnesota and Michigan agree with McMillen and have instituted premarital counseling, rather than pre-divorce counseling.We have to decide what is more important to our society. Research shows that divorced women suffer a drop in income ranging on average from 30 percent to 70 percent. More than half of all female-headed households with children live in poverty, compared with only 10 percent of all other families with children. Medical experts say that men who divorce are to experience greater health problems and high rates of suicide than married men. A re these things devastating to our society, or do we need to look at the other sideof things? Without no-fault divorce, many people may become trapped in abusive relationships. There may be an increase in desertion. One spouse may be lead to use bribes or threats to win the consent of the other to end marriage, thus creating the return of blackmail under the old fault-based system. (Tyson 1-3)Maybe the topic isnt the narrow one we perceive it to be. Maybe the topic evolves more around family itself. Midge Decter does an excellent job of discussing family in her article, The Madness of the American Family. She explains how a family compares with a waver, and not the Garden of Eden. A rock, can be farthermost from a comfortable place to be. But, she says, living on a rock keeps you out of the sops..The most dangerous of these swamps is a place of limitless and wilfully defined individual freedom.The land of limitless freedom, as so many among us are now beginning to discover, turns out to be zippo other than the deep muck and mire of Self. She continues, The only escape from the swamp of Self is the instinctual and lifelong engagement in the fate of others. Decter discusses how being in a family may not make you happy, but it makes you human. She goes onTogether, marriage and parenthood are the rock on which human existence stands.and No matter how ardently a young man and woman believe they wish to spend their lives with one another, and no matter how enthusiastically they agnise the knowledge that they are to have a baby, they do not take on either of these things in full knowledge of the commitment they are parturiencythey do not know that they are embarked upon a long, long, and sometimes unvoiced and even unpleasant journey. (Decter 1-19)Marriage, family, and divorce, are three controversial topics that each person must deal with in their lifetime. The great thing about them is that we are each allowed to have our own opinions about them. Maybe you havent picked sides, and maybe you havent heard enough to make a stand, but hopefully this article has got you thinking. I myself have not further chosen a position on the topic. No-fault divorce has such a complicated base. Each marital problem causes rise to newfound solutions concerning divorce. all(prenominal) person comes up with their own opinions. Each state has its laws, its bills,and its proposals to solve the problems concerning marriage and divorce. The nation finds such problems floating above its head, waiting for someone, or something, to take hold and decrease its power to control the people within it. Nevertheless, Dector reminds us not to get frustrated about such topics when she says, All this should be a very simple matter God knows, its been loss on long enough. So why have we fallen into such a state of confusion?

Multilingualism or Not? Essay

Today in the States, in that respect is a raging debate going on should we uphold multilingualism or accept a melting stinker political orientation? The melting pot ideology dictates assimilating into a common culture and row. Views on this sleep with argon very polarized, which use up a compromise lift upm troublesome to accomplish. Two articles that pertain to this upshot argon Ameri suffer Multilingualism A subject Tragedy, by Franklin Raff published on WND.com, and side Only Laws Divide and De have in mind, by rabbit warren J. Blumenfeld published in The Huffington Post. two articles are direct departions of for each one separate with Raff imagineing manner of speakings former(a) than side are unduly honor able-bodied and embraced in the States while Blumenfeld argues that America should promote the practice of tenfold languages.While I do non find myself agreeing completely with each one, thither are points in some(prenominal) that appeal to me and give me a better understanding of multilingualism, and the influences of its wide reaching effects on ordination. In American Multilingualism A home(a) Tragedy, writer Franklin Raff introduces an ad broadcast on Super Bowl Sunday. It is a Toyota car ad, which is touted to be the first bicultural, bilingual advertisement. The spot compares the benefits of being bilingual to a hybrid car. Raff claims that the ad role responsible for the ad has bluffed in equating bilingualism to anything good. He even goes as far as to say that the effects of promoting bilingualism can be fatal. To living his claim of fatality he functions the situation in where doctors are unavailing(p) tocomprehend their patients. He as well as brings up the fact that fly the coopers who are otiose to comprehend rubber eraser regulations at worksites meet untimely final stages. Raff blab outs of the Chicago tutor day system, which has an overwhelming population of Hispanics and is as well the worst perform ing of all school systems. He then introduces a janitor, who cannot come up to English and as such(prenominal) cannot get a better job despite his attention to detail, and a little Spanish oration girl, who he encountered in the supermarket and cannot offer her answer due to her not understanding English. Raff also provides statistics that portray Hispanics as ineffectual to complete higher(prenominal) education creases due to their knowledge of Spanish and not English. He closes by saying it is a disservice to oneself to speak Spanish and as such it is a national tragedy.Raffs article has a relishing of immense passion on something he feels is a massive plague to the nation. He argues to great lengths on the extent of damage that verbalise otherwise languages causes to society. The Spanish language is his arguments main adversary. He uses rhetorical strategies such as commiseration and angle of vision to significant effect to comport his claim. In his attempt to pass water emotional support from his readers he makes impassioned pleas and relates personalised experiences. He introduces the idea of being unable to comprehend languages as being detrimental to the point of even causing deaths. He uses examples of mis discourse in a health care facility and safety regulations at work sites.Death being the worst fate of earthly concern is a useful point for Raff as readers would be appalled that death is a possibility for some and that it could be avoided. He also speaks of the helplessness Chicago school system which is obtusely populated by Hispanics and he insinuates that their practice of language is what fails them. Others he says afflicted by speaking Spanish include a janitor he knows and a girl he encounters at the supermarket. Raff seeks to gain support by relating the troubles he perceives and leadingpeople to reckon that Hispanics would be afforded a better quality of life and possibility of mastery by relinquishing the Spanish langua ge and adopting the English language. Franklin Raffs use of angle of vision lies in subtle inferences that readers reserve to make on their own.As it relates to the janitor he describes as a fast, meticulous and good-natured worker, Raff claims he can communicate with the janitor due to his knowledge of Italian, only when Raff fails to write or so the janitors feelings but instead what he debates the janitor should feel. Raff also speaks of high disappointment rates of Hispanics but he fails to note for any success of Hispanics in America, by doing this he can gain support from people who do not choose to consider more factors than the ones only if stated by Raff. He makes it seem as though it is all doom and gloominess because of knowing other language.In English Only Laws Divide and Demean, Warren Blumenfeld starts by relating an experience he had with his multilingual cousin-german, living in Belgium. His cousin poses a riddle to him, with the outcome saying that person s that can only speak one language are referred to as US-American as opposed to monolingual. Blumenfeld accepts this as a truth and goes on to lament that despite being so closely bordered by countries that speak other languages, Americans are stuck in their monolingual ways. He states that Americans lack of care for other languages has been endorsed by major(ip) political figures such as former President Theodore Roosevelt and Senator Rick Santorum.The ideas that there has been a campaign to make English the official language and that laws have been proposed to outlaw other languages are slammed by Blumenfeld, who states he has even started a petition against this movement. He also uses a personal experience of a friend of Mexican descent, who as a child was berated and punished for devising an exclamation in Spanish at school. Blumenfeld states that this prejudice is a invasionof democracy and no true patriot could support it. He proclaims that Americashould embrace its rich div ersity and shed its melting pot ideology if it is to become a beacon to the world. Warren Blumenfeld in his attempt to gain the support of his readers employs the use of appeals to emotions and values. In his retelling of his encounter with his cousin he seeks to make Americans, including himself, feel as though they have not done luxuriant to embrace linguistic diversity. By doing this he is able to make Americans feel that they should work assiduously to overcome this rather true stereotype.He also speaks of the extent American society will go to eliminate other languages, including campaigns by political leaders and proposition of laws. By highlighting these details and framing them in such a way that depicts them as promoting ignorance, Blumenfeld is able to gain the readers support. To show just how serious and credible his claim is, Blumenfeld then identifies that he has started a petition, which wins readers to a call to action. To then gain the readers munificence Blumen feld uses an experience from a friend who as a child was castigated for speaking Spanish. This experience causes readers to be appalled that in their society, people, especially children are being chastised because of their cultural differences. The highpoint of Blumenfelds argument is introduced near the end when he begins to speak about the founding principles of America.He proclaims that the values of democracy and diversity are woven into the fabric of the nation and its people, and as such the people should work to protect and propagate these American values. True American patriots would then see the issue of multilingualism as an important part of the great nations future. In terms of a comparison between both articles, the only similarities lie in both writers use of rhetorical appeals and angle of vision. Both writers rely heavily on the emotional and value appeal of pathos to connect with their readers. The difference between both articles is the ideology of the authors. Th e authors directly contradict each other. Franklin Raff would haveAmericans believe that the practice of languages other than English can leadto death and failure.On the other hand, Warren Blumenfeld implores Americans to embrace cultivation and practicing other languages as it allows people to communicate across borders easily. After interpretation and analyzing both Franklin Raffs and Warren Blumenfelds articles in detail I was able to gain bran-new knowledge on the subject of multilingualism. From personal experiences I previously had opinions on the topic but from my newly reach knowledge I was able to strengthen my opinions. The basics of my ideology are that I believe that all government and other official documents should be printed in one language, most suitably English, for ease of parley. Though we should also encourage people to learn and practice multiple languages as that readiness enhances a persons effectiveness to themselves and to society as a whole.I was fort unate to be raised in a society that promoted learning multiple languages, though English was my native tongue. I learnt the basics of both French and Spanish up until the 8th manakin in Jamaica. Now I can read and write both languages at a level I perceive to be fair, which is something I am proud of. Though I lack in speaking eloquence of these languages I plan to eventually become fluent. After 8th division I moved to Florida. in that respect I was surprised to know that my new peers had no foreign language course after the 5th grade and then they would only have a two-year crash course in high school. Having had that two-year crash course as well, I felt that it was more about getting a grade rather than learning to appreciate and comprehend the language. On the other hand, the peers I odd in Jamaica went on to learn either one or both languages at a higher level. In America, I believe pith and high schools should operate a continuous curriculum for foreign languages as it will enhance students abilities.Franklin Raff in his article claims that Hispanics have a higher failure rate at school, particularly in Chicago, because of their knowledge of another language. Having had Hispanic classmates I am in complete disagreement withRaff as it was apparent they were just as inclined for success and I believed that their mogul to speak both English and Spanish gave them somewhat of an edge in being successful. As it pertains to the Chicago school system there is possible to be social factors other than language, including poverty in a densely populated area, that can lead to higher failure rates that Raff fails to account for. I also disagree with Warren Blumenfeld that English should not be made the official language of America and that government documents should be printed in multiple languages.Blumenfeld states that it is unnecessary to make English the official language but I believe not making English the official language is just as unnecessary. Am erica unlike many other countries that promote multilingualism, does not have an official language. Having an official language does not mean that a country ignores other languages. In Jamaica, English is the official language but foreign languages are given great emphasis in the education system. For American governments to reduce spending, printing long documents in English only would be a good idea, but smaller statements such as safety information on airplanes can be printed in multiple languages, including French and Spanish.Though I have disagreements with the points the writers make, I do find some common ground with them. Franklin Raffs claim that contrary languages make communication between people difficult is very understandable. There have been a few instances where Ive heard people say they could not communicate with people at places such as the vaunt station as one person solely speaks English and the other solely Spanish. To achieve goals and make things happen requ ire effective communication between people. I also agree with Blumenfeld that promotingWilliamsmultilingualism creates a better orbicular society. I believe people should attempt to learn and appreciate other languages as it is a show of competence and facilitates good relations among diverse groups of people. America, in particular, has a few negative connotations around the world, and I believe if we as a people can embrace other cultures and languages America will gain a deserved mutual respect.As the topic of multilingualism holds great significance to me, I found it imperative to explore the writings of both Franklin Raff and Warren Blumenfeld. Both articles related interesting and contrasting ideas on the topic. As seen with my agreements and disagreements it is best to only consider the ideas rather than accepting any one as the truth. In my opinion, the importance of communication cannot be overstated, as it is a component of progress. While one language makes such commun ication easy, diversity among the worlds citizens cannot be eliminated and as such governments should encourage acceptance of other societies diversities and languages. It starts with education, to facilitate students to learn and gain appreciation for other languages and create a more connected world.Works CitedBlumenfeld, Warren J. English Only Laws Divide and Demean. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc., 16 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 October 2013. Raff, Franklin. American multilingualism A National Tragedy. WND. WND.com, 02 May 2006. Web. 16 November 2013.

National V State Curriculum Essay

The issue of state vs. National program has been raging for umteen an few some other(prenominal) divisions now with the Australian field regime trying to personnel a subject area programme on totally(a) states and territories. nonetheless for this function all states and territories essential agree on the political program and with so numerous different ways of schooling and how students hold back been taught in the past it was always exit to be a difficult assignment. impudent second Wales, the leadership is assessments and with what they believe is a superior course, have been the main fighters of the curriculum. brisk S forbiddenh Wales believe a issue curriculum could work based slightly parts of their own curriculum as wellspring as improvements in reading development, management and mentoring. The implementation of an Australian issue curriculum bequeathing entail huge transposes to not only the young South Wales statement methodal syste m but the procreational systems of all states and territories. This bequeath also mean a change in the New South Wales syllabus in order to make it fit with the internal curriculum.As well as this it depart not only depart this impact on the fosterage systems within Australia but go out also mean a unused requirement for instructors to t for each one at the level required to discontinue a national curriculum to work. New South Wales believe that the federal judicature is trying to lower the pattern of education crossways the state in order to fit with the national curriculum. The New South Wales has long fought for the curriculum to be upgraded to fit with their syllabus so that when the nation does get brought to a certain level that level it is brought to is a high level of education self-aggrandizing everyone an opportunity at a better future as a whole.Not all the education departments agree or demand the changes that exit be brought in by a national curriculum. The New South Wales educational department are the main fighters of the implementation of the national curriculum. New South Wales believe the state curriculum they have in straddle alongside the HSC is more than adequate enough to suffice as a national curriculum for all states and territories. The development of the freshly national curriculum will mean changes to the New South Wales syllabus.This includes the introduction of chemical mechanism back into the syllabus as well as the introduction of plants into the procreative part of the syllabus. The latest version of the national curriculum from the Australian curriculum website appearances step by step how the national curriculum looks to improve the specimen of scientific companionship taught across the country. It goes in reconditeness to show how from year 1 right through to year 10 they will be building on skills exposet from previous years of science education.The latest version of the curriculum then goes on to tel l of the more in depth science will be taught from years 7-10. This curriculum is competent to show how the nation will be brought to the same standard of science noesis through primary and secondary education. As well as this the surgical incision of Education in the outline national curriculum for science (ACARA 2009) signal that although there will be new areas of study the curriculum will be more flexible for instructors allowing them to better teach the science curriculum.The draft curriculum also outlines 8 forms of considerations that will hope aboundingy close the spread between indigenous, foreign and disadvantaged students. These considerations include Equity and Opportunity, Connections to other breeding areas, Clarity of the curriculum, Breadth and depth of study, The role of digital technologies, The nature of the sunken-eyed (K-12), General capabilities and Cross-curriculum perspectives. The Department of Education are hoping that this will bring all students, schools and teachers up to a certain standard that this national curriculum will hopefully bring in.Bringing the students, schools and teachers up to a national standard will also hopefully make it easier for teachers to educate the students on topics and allow a bit more flexibility for the teachers in the classroom. The Australian national curriculum will also impact on the science statement. Aubusson (Australian journal of Education, 2011) believes that the curriculum will force one of two pedagogical situations. Aubusson believes the program line will change to a standardising pedagogy or a pedagogy that will allow teachers to interpret the curriculum and teach it to their students in a way they will understand surpass.The standardising pedagogy could potentially lead to teachers macrocosm unable to form a connection with their students which could in turn causa students to become uninterested in the topics. This could potentially lead to a big(p) amount of students failin g the course. However a pedagogy which allows teachers to interpret the curriculum so they know which way will be the best to teach their students will allow connections to be formed, students to remain interested and engaged in their education and will lead to an increase in examination marks.This brings me to the teacher development issue with the national curriculum. Many teachers and education professionals in New South Wales oppose the change is due to the drastic development teachers will penury to go through to allow the national changes to work. As sourced from the obligate Mentors Reporting on Their Own Mentoring Practices (P. Hudson 2010) Hudson refers to his own personal experience of the trouble of the last national curriculum.Hudson was a New South Wales school promontory at the clock time tells of how he believes the failure can be part blamed on the lack of development training offered to the teachers to allow them to teach the nation curriculum. New South Wales teachers and other teaching professionals believe that all Australian teachers need to go through development so that they are able to grapple the ways in which their students learn the best, this will advance the students eruditeness environment and allow them to work better as individuals and as a group.Teachers across Australia need to be able to understand and recognise the VARK learning system. The VARK learning system basically just asks the question of how students learn best. Whether they are, V visual learners, A auditory learners, R reading and write learners, or K kinaesthetic learners. As well as be able to recognise this VARK concept and implement it in the classroom teachers will also need to be able to recognise when things arent going to plan so they can improve their own teaching skills and the learning environment of the student.This will require constant reflection on the teachers on behalf, they must regularly reflect on how the lessons have gone. Doing this will not only help the teacher improve of their work and how they teach the curriculum but it will also help their students better understand the knowledge put before them. This means that teacher development is a must for the national curriculum to succeed for a long period of time. New South Wales are leading the way with teacher development, understanding and practices for the national curriculum rollout.The Minister for Education Mr Piccoli has stated in the past the NSW political relation is allowing their schools time to adjust to the changes the new curriculum will bring is. The government for NSW is delaying the implementation of the curriculum to hark back NSW schools and teachers time to prepare for these changes as well as time to implement the preparations. On August 9, 2011 Mr Piccoli stated that the national curriculum will not be rolled out across NSW schools until 2014 with the preparation and planning for the national curriculum to commence around 2013. ins truction is a light upon actor in the success of the national curriculum.For the curriculum to work steps must be put in place to manage the introduction of the curriculum as well as the up withstand of the curriculum changes. Early teacher or Preservice teachers will be benefitted by the fact that most of them will be starting their full time jobs around the same time the curriculum is rolled out allowing them to focus on the new curriculum and what needs to be done. However the old(a) teachers might struggle at times to recognise where change is needed from the old curriculum to new, this is where the management side of things comes into dissemble.As cited from the mentors promulgate (Hudson, 2010) teachers must help and mentor each other. There will be this area of overlap where the preservice teachers will be able to help the aged teachers understand the changes from the old to new curriculum whilst the older teachers are able to help the preservice teachers in understandin g the way in which the classroom whole kit and caboodle and how to better understand how their students work. This management and mentoring role comes from within the staffroom of the school and point in time teachers and principals must work together to achieve this mentoring and management role.Another key way for this mentoring idea to work is for teachers to give feedback on each other to help them improve. Hudson believes a method of understanding personal attributes, system requirements, pedagogical knowledge and modelling are all helpful in giving and/or receiving feedback. If colleagues are able to give and receive positive and little feedback well the standard of teaching will only improve. With the standard of teaching improving the curriculum will get taught better to students which will in turn mean an increase in examination marks create the national curriculum to work and to stick.With a new curriculum advent into place new resources will be needed for teachers to educate their students whilst stable keeping them engaged in the lesson. Not only will some new resources be needed but some of the older teachers resources could be irrelevant. This is where that teacher development will come into play again teachers will need to recognise where new resources are needed, where older resources arent needed and where some are still relevant. Again this will require all the teachers to come together and help one and other with this dilemma and help share resources in order to give each student the same learning experience.However new sources will be readily available to teachers with many an(prenominal) websites out there having new up to date schooling to show the children. There are also many sites out there with activities the teacher can do online with the class to keep them engage, there are also videos out there that contain the information required for the national curriculum to show the students as well. So although new resources will be n eeded there are still many places teachers can find resources to keep their students engaged.As a first year university student studying teaching in the New South Wales education system I believe a national curriculum is live for the future education of our next generation. However I do believe New South Wales were right to fight for the curriculum to be brought up to their standard because if we are going to have every student at the same level of education it should be at the highest level practical to give every student the best opportunity possible to have a successful life after school.The national curriculum will work throughout the country as long as teacher development is put in place as well. Teachers need time to develop and adjust their own teaching techniques so they can best teach this new curriculum to their students. Teachers in all schools will need to work together for this national curriculum to succeed in our schools to give the next generation of young Australi ans the best chance at success.

War Dogs

Mans Greatest in ally It is non a new idea to enjoyment clinks in rubbish for thousands of course of instructions hounds devour been used in war. Almost all of the greatest civilizations that afford rule flip used pawls as key comp adept and only(a)nt in their forces tactics. historic records have shown that dogs were used as watch guards for the Egyptians during pointednesss of war (specifically during the center of attention Kingdom) and that the Romans made entire good time formations of dogs to help with their various land check campaigns. These dogs were bred for combat and were often given armor and spiked collars to make them more than lethal in combat.In more recent years, dogs are used in other combat situations. In 1988, Israeli Special mortalnels used dogs as an attack force against a terrorist organization in Lebanon. In the defers, dogs have been used in combat for well everywhere 180 years. though the canines force missions and methods have lur chd since that 1830s, their importance in combat remains middling as critical. However, the public in general does not realize the significance of dogs in warfare as well as in homeland gage. In the States, the first recorded use of dogs by the armament was during the Second Seminole war in 1835.The military had hired fiver dog handlers and 33 bloodhounds to help track and detain the Seminoles and runaway slaves that were screen in the swamps of Florida and Louisiana. Several states (New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Indiana) protested the use of dogs by the military and send several(prenominal)(prenominal) petitions to Congress. Most of these protesters were Quakers that believed it was wrong to make these dogs hunt like savages. Though many another(prenominal) petitions were sent, Congress dismissed all of the protests and allowed the military to use the dogs in combat. Dogs were not used by the military for another 20 years.During the Civil war both the Union and the Confeder ate Armies recorded the use of dogs a mascots, sentries, and guards. Interestingly, the dogs were not supposed to assume these roles, originally their masters brought them into the military as a source of companionship, not safeguard. One of the most recognizable dogs during the Civil contend was Sallie, a brindle bull terrier. Sallie joined the 11th Pennsylvania pes Unit at the beginning of the war as a have and served the unit as source blow, inspiration, and loyalty to their cause.In the heat of battle Sallie would scramble and intimidate Confederate s darkenediers and lick the wounds of her fallen comrades. Sallie survived such battles as Gettysburg and oak Ridge. Sallie met her untimely death at Hatchers Run, Virginia by a skunk to the head. Her unit cared about her so much that they buried her at present, flush though the battle was still raging on. There were several other dog mascots in the Civil contend, though none matched the popularity of Sallie. The use of do gs changed during the Spanish-American fight from a relatively docile role to a more militarily reclaimable function.It was recorded by Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders, that dogs were scouts that helped navigate the dense hobo camp terrain in Cuba and patrols for the horses. This is also the first time in American military history that the dogs used were actually prepare in navigation and protection tactics. Dogs were again used as mascots during the Spanish-American contend for the military. In an old photograph, taken in 1900, the USS Texas (a vessel used during the war) depicted fellow crewman with their mascotsa cat and a dog (both unnamed).The role of the dog expanded even more during the Great War. During this time period a vast enumerate of dogs were employed as sentries, messengers, ammunition & food carriers, scouts, sled dogs, draught dogs (water carriers), guard dogs, Red span casualty dogs (carrying med packs), and even cigarette dogs. The German armies had a total of 30,000 dogs in service during the war, France had over 20,000, and Italy supplied the Allies with 3,000 dogs. Americans did not have any organized dog units and ended up borrowing several dog units from France and Britain during the war.There were over ten different hatchs of dogs that were used during WWI each breed was used for different tasks. The most popular group of dogs was the Red Cross Causality dogs (A. K. A. mercy dogs). These dogs were first trained by the Germans to carry medical checkup supplies and seek out wounded soldiers. If a soldier was clear death the mercy dog would lie down next to him and provide the soldier comfort as he died. These dogs have been credited to providence a numerous amount of lives during the war by being able to stretching wounded soldiers with med packs at lightning speeds.The Red Cross dog method was apace copied by the ally troops. During the war both the Allies and the Germans began searching for the perfective tense b reed of dog (specifically the best Red Cross dogs). They wanted a dog that was black or gray in color, one with a good sense of smell and sight, and medium in build. The heap hightail it on this project also realized that mixed breeds performed better than pureblooded dogs and began to focus on crossbreeding. The use of Red Cross dogs died along with the use of trench warfare.Messenger dogs were major contributors to the war effort on both sides of the conflict. These dogs were trained to send messages between the front lines and command headquarters when the phone lines were down. The messenger dogs have often been attributed for circuitously saving the lives of many soldiers by providing vital info to them when their main source of communication (phones) was shut down. By WWII, Germany again had the largest look of dogs used in combat (an estimated over 200,000 dogs).This time however, America had ultimately established a military program called the K-9 Corp in 1942. later on the Pearl Harbor attack and the declaration of war by Americas government, the American Kennel Club began a program called Dogs for defence mechanism. This program requested all dog owners in America to gift quality dogs to the Quartermaster Corps for the K-9 program. The Dogs for Defense program was able to receive over 19,000 dogs and over thirty different breeds of dog. When these dogs entered the canine program 45% of them were sent covering and considered unfit for military training.The breed of dogs chosen after this period was shrunk down to five (Dobermans, German Shepherds, Belgium Sheep Dogs, Farm Collies, and Giant Schnauzers). Originally these dogs were to be used mainly to protect civilian war plants (arsenal factories) however, there became a growing need for sentry dogs for the soldiers overseas. Basic training for a dog would destruction eight to twelve weeks and they would be trained to wear accelerator masks, muzzles, ride vehicles, and remain calm under g unfire. The dogs were also trained in basic commands (sit, roll over, stay, etc. ).After basic training, the dogs were then instructed in one of four specialized jobs sentry, patrol, messenger, and exploit detection. The only new job for dogs was mine detection, which consisted of detecting booby traps, trip wires, metallic and non-metallic mines. This program was not by and large successful because the dogs had a hard time detecting these traps in combat. Alene Erlanger, a civilian consultant of the Quartermaster General, wrote a report on the misconceptions of the use of dogs in the military. She stated the public considered military dogs to be vicious killers and this make was altogether false.Erlanger described the dogs as protectors of soldiers through their different combat roles such as delivering messages under fire and detecting enemy positions. Erlanger urged the readers change their skewed view of military dogs and acknowledge these heroes for their role in saving thou sands of American lives in combat. When the war was over, all the donated dogs were were returned to their original owners however, before being returned the dogs were trained to readapt to a civilian lifestyle. Sadly, some of these dogs (suffering from doggy PTSD) were unable to assimilate back in with society and were put down.After WWII the US lost interest in the War Dog programs, they closed most of all but one program, transferred dog training to the Military Police Corp, and moved the remaining twenty- one-half a dozenth Scout Dog Program to Fort Carson, Colorado. The 26th platoon served in the Korean War for two years (1951 1953) and was very successful, receiving three silver stars, six bronze stars for valor, and thirty-six bronze stars for meritorious service. After being in Fort Carson for six years the 26th Scout Dog Platoon, along with the War Dog Training boil down was moved to Fort Benning, Georgia.Another change that occurred was that the parentage Force became t he primary service to use the dogs. During the late fifties and early sixties, the business Force developed expensive aircrafts and housed state-of-the-art weaponry, thence increasing the requirement for more sentry dogs to protect these valuable assets. Consequently, the mien Force established another War Dog Training Center in Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. At the commencement of the Vietnam War, dogs were not immediately placed in the combat zone. However, by 1960, the United States Air Force K-9 Corp stationed teams in Vietnam primarily for dog sentry research.It wasnt until 1965 when the military finally allowed dogs to participate in the war by the end of the year 100 dogs were in Vietnam. The combat role of these dogs differed from the canine missions in WWII and the Korean War. These dogs were trained to track Viet-Cong trails and to detect the hidden booby traps placed in the jungles. Again the majority of dogs were sentry dogs, however, with the primary mission to det ect the baneful sapper teams that attacked base camps at night. The military dogs were largely successful and in an term pen during the Vietnam War they were described as our enemies worst enemy.This article, written by SP4 Wain Rubenstein, described the rigorous training the sentry dog underwent to prepare for Vietnam. He detailed the chokeing conditions of the dogs, the long night hours they remained busy to protect the base from any intruders, and the critical need for their acute olfactive senses to detect the faintest odor of a near by trap or Viet-Cong. Rubenstein also acknowledged the handlers (the dogs master) needed to be as proficient as the dogs, in terms of physically fitness, mentally capacity, and their efficacy to establish a bond with the dog.Without these qualities the dog would not live up to its full potential. By the end of the Vietnam War, 4000 American dogs were sent to Vietnam and they were accredited with saving over 10,000 lives in the process of 10 y ears. Unfortunately, of those 4000 dogs, only 200 returned home. In an article written by CNN, the surviving handlers of the Vietnam War discussed their memories of the war and their dogs. All expressed sorrow for the dogs they left buried in the Vietnam soil. The article clearly demonstrate the handlers strong emotional bond with their individual dogs, a connection that they still remember almost a half century later.After the Vietnam War the role of dogs in the military was reduced to a division of the military police unit. In 1967 the military established the Air Force Security Police Dog Training School which was trail that trained dogs to work security with officers. The school, which still stands today, trains dogs to remain clam when approached by unfamiliar people, to discriminate between a threatening gesture and an pass judgment gesture to remain alert to willingly enter vehicles with other people and dogs without becoming hostile and to be obedient both with or withou t a leash.The dogs are trained to enter empty buildings to search for hidden intruders and to visit areas to find lost or concealed objects. The dogs are taught to aggressively attack an enemy with a simple command of the handler and just as agilely stop when commanded by the handler. I personally witnessed this training when interviewing a dog handler on Peterson Air Force K-9 Unit Ssgt. Chris Kench demonstrated a routine training scenario with his dog Gina. The exercises commenced with a simple work out course that incorporated caterpillar track, jumping, climbing, and crawling for a total of 15 minutes.Next, Ssgt Kench demonstrated the four commands with Gina. The first command was to attack a person (in this case a person in a protective suit) that is running away from the handler, the next command was when the handler instructed the dog to stop her attack, and the trio command was when the handler commanded the dog to attack, but then commanded the dog to frump before act ually touching the suspect. The operate command isnt genuinely a command, but an instinct, which was when the handler was attacked, the dog attacked the enemy without consent from his handler.Upon bring forward discussion with Ssgt. Kench I discovered that Peterson Air Force Base has the reciprocal ohm largest K-9 unit with seventeen dogs. The only post that exceeds this number is Andrews AFB, MD, which is the post that provides security dogs for the president. Ssgt. Kench also stated that the breed of dogs currently used in the Air Force have shrunk to two (the German Shepard and the Belgium Malinois). Both of these were chosen because of their quick maneuverability and their exceptional detection skills.Ssgt Kench went on to say that these dogs only last nine to twelve years before retiring due to old age, hip displacement, and disease. When the dogs retire they are often adopted by their last handlers and spend the reminder of their lives as civilians. Dogs have been an inval uable resource to the US military for well over 180 years. Whether as messengers, patrollers, or just as simple mascots, they have provided America with a sense of comfort and protection. Many of these dogs have directly contributed to saving thousands of lives and they deserve recognition for work they have done.Military dogs have been in almost every war that America has participated in and their roles and missions have continued to evolve with each conflict. Yet end-to-end history they have continually received little if any defense by the public for their efforts and were almost eradicated after the Korean War. It is important that we as a country recognize these small heroes for their critical role in the history of our country and appreciate that they are mans greatest ally. Mans Greatest Ally Dog Contributions the US Military Victor Jacoby APUSH Per. Mr. Zuckerman meet 3, 2012 1 . Newton, Tom. K-9 record The Dogs Of War. WebTV community home pages. http//community-2. w ebtv. net/Hahn-50thAP-K9/K9 muniment/ (accessed February 29, 2012). 2 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War. 3 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War 4 . State of New York. Sallie. The State of New York and the Civil War. http//www. nycivilwar. us/sallie. html (accessed February 27, 2012). 5 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War 6 .Robinson , Donald. USS Texas (1895-1911). 1900. Navy Historical Center, USS Texas. Department of Navy Navy Historical Center. Web. 3 Mar. 2012. 7 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War 8 . Hubble, Bert. K-9 History War Dogs In The U. S. Military. 47th Scout Dog Platoon Web Site. http//www. 47ipsd. us/47k9hist. htm (accessed present 4, 2012). 9 . Red Cross Dogs. The Literary Digest, March 24, 1917. 10 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War 11 . US Army Quartermaster Foundation. War Dogs. Army Quartermaster Foundation, Inc.. ttp//www. qmfound. com/K-9. htm (accessed March 2, 2012). 12 . US Army Quartermaster Foundatio n. War Dogs. 13 . Erlanger, Alene. The Truth well-nigh War Dogs. The Quartermaster Review, March 1944. 14 . US Army Quartermaster Foundation. War Dogs. 15 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War 16 . Hubble, Bert. K-9 History War Dogs In The U. S. Military. 17 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War 18 . Rubenstein, Wain. Scout Dogs Enemies Worst Enemy. Danger Forward, The clip of the Big Red One, June 1969. 19 . Rubenstein, Wain. Scout Dogs Enemies Worst Enemy. 20 . Ravitz, Jessica. War dogs remembered, decades later Page 3 CNN. Featured Articles from CNN. http//articles. cnn. com/2010-02-12/living/war. dogs_1_dogs-lab-and-shepherd-mix-viet-cong/3? _s=PMLIVING (accessed February 24, 2012). 21 . Newton, Tom. K-9 History The Dogs Of War 22 . Kench, Chris. Interview by author. Personal interview. Peterson Air Force Base K-9 Unit, February 26, 2012. 23 . Kench, Chris. Interview by author. Personal interview.