Categorical Imperative vs. Utilitarianism - 1449 Words

Katelyn Cassidy PHI 101 The Cold Equation written by Tom Godwin is a science fiction short story that raises issues in philosophy. The story is about a girl named Marilyn that sneaks on to an EDS, a little ship carrying fever serum to six men stationed on a planet Woden. Marilyn’s brother had been one of the six men stationed there and she wanted to see him because it had been ten years since she had last seen him. Marilyn was scheduled to take a ship to the planet Mirmir where she would see her brother in one year, but she couldn’t wait any longer knowing that there was a ship on its was to Woden. There was a law that stated that any stowaway discovered on an EDS should be jettisoned immediately upon discovery. The EDS carried limited†¦show more content†¦These types of feelings are instrumentally important to taking appropriate action. Mills would argue that what the pilot did was the right thing to do. Ultimately by killing Marilyn the pilot did what was in the interest of the mos t amount of people. The pilot had no other option but to kill her because the fever serum was going to save six lives and to spare his own life to land the ship. Marilyn was wrong to enter the ship because there was a sign on the ship that clearly stated that there must be to trespassing onto the ship. In the story the pilot felt immense guilt for killing the girl. The pilot did everything in his power to spare her life. The pilot allowed Marilyn to write letters to her family and talk to her brother over the intercom. He also allowed her to stay on the ship and use up what little fuel there was to spare. The contribution that Mills made to the theory of utilitarianism took into consideration the feelings of the pilot. In class we discussed the case of Marilyn as well as two other scenarios involving a transplant patient and a train that were to kill children playing in the tracks. The class agreed that the pilot did indeed do the right thing. The numbers principle states that if the number sacrificed is less than the number saved the sacrifice is permissible. We agreed with Mills and his views regarding the cold equation case. Marilyn should have not been on the plane in the first placeShow MoreRelatedKantianism1127 Words   |  5 PagesMoral Reasoning - Aim: Equip students to become critically minded citizens who have the ability to think through the big moral and political questions we all confront as citizens Kant (Deontology) - Rejects utilitarianism: They were half right- of course we seek to avoid pain, and seek pleasure. But to think that pain and pleasure drives our behavior. - Thinks that the individual person has a dignity that commands our respect- because we are rational beings, capable of reason.; and autonomousRead MoreEthics - Paper 2. Utilitarianism Vs Universal Ethics. Facts1052 Words   |  5 PagesEthics - Paper 2 Utilitarianism vs Universal Ethics Facts (150 words) The current issue involves Luke, an employee of company ABC (ABC), and his conflict between obligations to work and to family. Luke is responsible for developing land purchased by ABC to construct an adult entertainment retail store. The future building is located at the corner of the neighborhood near where Luke’s brother, Owen, lives. Being an insider, Luke knows that the presence of the business will diminish values of surroundingRead More Utilitarianism vs. Kantianism Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Kantianism Ethics can be defined as the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way. (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kants theory provides a more plausible account of ethicsRead MoreKant And Mill On Animal Ethics Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesrightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions (consequentialism) or to the character and habits of the actor (virtue ethics).† (Mastin) Kant specializes in many ideas, but the ideas I will focus on are: the will, good will, the categorical imperative, and the principle of humanity. First we’ll start with the will. Kant likes to focus on the will that can only be found in â€Å"rational beings†, which Kant defines as those capable of moral deliberation (humans). Kant states â€Å"the will is a capacityRead MoreCategorical Vs. Categorical Imperative1929 Words   |  8 Pages An imperative can be described as either a requirement or an order such as an assistant manager being told to take inventory or being told by a personal trainer to do fifty squats. All imperatives, no matter what it is, can either be hypothetical or categorical. A hypothetical imperative would be defining an action to be good if there is â€Å"a means to do something else†. (Landau-Kant 93) An example of a hypothetical imperative would be to do an action in order to achieve a specific result. On theRead MoreThe Moral Dispute Of John Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1500 Words   |  6 Pagespath rendering reward with heaven. Aristotle’s theory and argument will be e xplored further in this review along with the works of some of his successors. The Moral Dispute John Stuart Mill vs Immanuel Kant Philosopher John Stuart Mill’s theory highlights utilitarianism and Kantian theory would be the total opposite. Mill’s position links happiness with morality and focused solely on the outcomes of an action. Philosopher John Kant’s theory emphasizes the importance of rationalityRead MorePhilosophical Ethics Study Guide Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesresulting experience iv. Probability → Considers how likely each effect might be, given that we don’t know ahead of time which of the many possible effects will actually occur. 2. Define what act utilitarianism is (your definition should also include a brief description of what utility means vs. disutility). i. Act Unitarianism → States that the morally right act in any given situation is the act that would produce the greatest overall utility in its consequences to that person. ii. UtilityRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesresult of there being many different theories, some can overlap while others can vary greatly. The two most widely known theories, Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics, greatly conflict with each other. They differ mostly in what they value most, the outcome vs. the action/motive. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism itself differs from the original form of Utilitarianism created by Jeremy Bentham. Bentham felt that pleasure was wholly good, and that pain to the lone evil in the world, as he said, â€Å"NatureRead MoreUtilitarianism : An Ethical Philosophy Created By John Stuart Mill1432 Words   |  6 PagesBrandy Fussell Professor Legum Jan. 14, 2017 Ethics 74 Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy created by John Stuart Mill, it focuses on the happiness of a large group of people in society which is considered to be the greater good. According to Mill’s doctrine, it focuses on actions that creates happiness and unhappiness, the happiness is considered to cause pleasure and unhappiness which is considered the reverse of pleasure, which is pain. The fundamental principle of morality is theRead MoreDeontology Vs. Utilitarian Ethics976 Words   |  4 Pages Deontology vs. Utilitarian Ethics Deontology is a famous meta-ethical theory practiced among famous philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, W.D. Ross, Sissela Bok, and many other philosophers and influential we know. Deontology is focused on â€Å"duty† based actions. The entire theory is focused on the duty of people and how they submit to the duty that they have. It is simply defined as, duty is the basis of morality. It is also focuses around looking at the consequential effects of a particular

`` White Noise `` By Jack Gladney - 2312 Words

Jack Gladney teaches death, destruction, and devastation, he surrounds himself by the legacy of chaos perpetuated by Hitler. Death did not stop Hitler, he continued to live on by securing his place in history. Jack struggles to secure his own place in history, rather he attaches himself to the important figure. The ever present fear of death affects Jack and his family are differently, causing them to find their own ways of dealing with it. While some are encouraged to pursue outrageous feats, others attempt to cure themselves of the fear, and some try to defeat death itself. Throughout the novel, White Noise, Jack is forced to look past the distractions of daily life and face the looming fear of death that plagues his thoughts, and he learns how that fear prevails even in the modern world. Despite death, many powerful and popular individuals continue to live on. One individual, Hitler, used his persona to gain political power which spawned a myth, that grew larger than life and larger than death. Jack learns, studies, and lives through Hitler, through his appraisal of Hitler, Jack realizes the insignificance of his own death. His attachment to Hitler helps Jack ward off the overwhelming fear and anxiety about being forgotten after his own death. In a discussion about Hitler and Elvis, Murray notes, Elvis fulfilled the terms of the contract. Excess, deterioration, self-destructiveness, grotesque behavior, a physical bloating and a series of insults to the brain,Show MoreRelated Narrative Technique in DeLillo’s White Noise Essay4184 Words   |  17 PagesNarrative Technique in DeLillo’s White Noise American literature has evolved extensively over the course of the history of the republic, from the Puritan sermons which emphasized the importance of a solid individual relationship between the individual self and the omnipotent God to the parody of relativism we find in Joseph Heller’s Catch-22. One of the recurring concerns of American fiction, though by no means restricted to American writing, is the position of the self with regard to the otherRead MoreAnalysis Of Don Delillo s White Noise1664 Words   |  7 Pagestitle of DeLillo’s eighth novel White Noise brings forth many assumptions towards the overall meaning of the book. If one was to generally interpret the meaning, â€Å"white noise† is produced when sound waves are joined together creating a constant buzz. This buzz can produce a relaxing or an overwhelming feeling, depending, if it refers to a repetitive noise one is trying to avoid or perhaps noise one is trying to embrace. With this being said, DeLillo’s White Noise is set in the twentieth century,Read MoreAmerican Consumerism: Don Delilo’s White Noise 1919 Words   |  8 Pages In Don Delilo’s, White Noise different themes are displayed throughout the novel. Some themes are the fear of death, loss of identity, technology as the enemy, and American consumerism. The society represented in the novel views people as objects and emotionally detached from many things. Death is always in the air and trapped in peoples mind. The culture that’s represented in the novel adds to the loss of individualism, but also adds to the figurative death of the characters introduced in the novelRead MoreTelevision Language of White Noise Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision Language of White Noise Television, in our culture, is by far the most dominant medium of communication and stimulation. The fears, the joys, and the horrors of the world are all channeled through television. As seen in the Rodney King police beating videotape, television can incite in a population sheer and utter rage and dark hostility. That same footage; however, can also detract from the very anger it incites. After countless times of viewing the footage, in a never-ending SimulacrumRead MoreEssay on Theme of Death in White Noise1107 Words   |  5 PagesWhite Noise Death is probably the most feared word in the English language. Its undesired uncertainty threatens society’s desire to believe that life never ends. Don DeLillo’s novel White Noise tells the bizarre story of how Jack Gladney and his family illustrate the postmodern ideas of religion, death, and popular culture. The theme of death’s influence over the character mentality, consumer lifestyle, and media manipulation is used often throughout DeLillo’s story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps, the characterRead MoreDon Delillo s White Noise841 Words   |  4 PagesDon DeLillo’s White Noise demonstrates the fictitiousness of capitalist ideology, thereby implying the ignorance of the public towards their oppression under the corporate aristocracy. Consequently, DeLillo displays the self-propagation of the mercantile system as the ultimate form of material freedom, and accentuates the use of marketing to create false needs for commodities, which appear according to Karl Marx’s definition in his A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Three aspectsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Novel 1480 Words   |  6 Pagesand appearance to gain more prestige, the change they make is pretentious as it is the same name only without one letter, â€Å"we finally agreed that I should event an extra initial and call myself J.A.K Gladney† (16). DeLillo continues to ridicule society and its principles by exposing absurdity such as Jack not knowing German despite being the founder of Hitler studies and his college requiring all Hitler majors to understand some of the language, â€Å"I had long tried to conceal the fact that I did not knowRead MoreDon Delillo s White Noise1239 Words   |  5 PagesDon Delillo’s White Noise is a novel set in twentieth century Middle America. The story follows the life and journey of Jack Gladney, a teacher of Hitler Studies at a liberal arts college, and his family through their lives, which are invaded by white noise, the constant murmur of American consumerism. The narrative follows these characters as they struggle to survive, distracting them from their sense of reality. White Noise explores a host of characters’ deep underlying fears and uncertaintiesRead MoreBright Lights, Big City And White Noise1934 Words   |  8 Pages Comparison Paper: Bright Lights, Big City and White Noise Bright Lights, Big City Bright Lights, Big City, is an American narrative, by Jay Mclnerney. The narrative is among America’s most notable novels, presented in the second person. In the book, Mclnerney presents the narrator as a worker for highbrow magazine. He depicts the narrator as party maniac, and cocaine user, who intends to literally lose himself in the profligacy (hedonism), of the yuppie party scene (McInerney 213). The narratorRead MoreWhite Noise By Don Delillo Essay2372 Words   |  10 Pages Don DeLillo throughout White Noise confirms through his characters that the individual is capable of expressing feelings instantaneously, but for the most part are calculated in their actions, and give off a faà §ade. With the vast use of characters, from Jack Gladney to the nun, we can take a closer look at the individuals in the world filled with white noise. There is truly the possibility for human kind to be honest down to the bone, for instance what Gladney expresses love for his children, eve n

Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 516 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Paragraph Number| What it says| What it does| #1| Students based on their class of society are treated and taught differently in class rooms. | This first paragraph explains the problem that the author is writing about. | #2| Before the author starts to explain the problem, she’s going to define the social classes. | This is a paragraph describing what’s going to be explained next. | #3| There are 3 factors to decide who goes into which social class. | This explains that relations define which social class you are in. #4| A person who has relation to ownership of capital is considered to be more upper class. | This explains the first relationship to determine your social class. | #5| To be in an upper class, one must own stocks or capital. | It shows some important data that the wealthy has possession of the majority of stock. | #6| The worker class usually doesn’t own physical capital and usually labors in order to gain profits for others. | It gives an explanation to the working class. | #7| The middle class is a mixture of the working class and upper class. This gives an explanation of the middle class. | #8| The upper class has a position of power over the middle and working class when it comes to employment. | This explains the relationship between classes. | #9| The working class majority of the time has labor that requires routine and mechanical with no layout. Middle class has jobs that require some labor and some planning out. | This explains the labor of the separate social classes. | #10| The social class can change for a person at anytime so it isn’t set in stone. The conclusion for explaining the separation of social classes. | #11| The author has decided to study 5 different schools each with different social classes. | It was an introduction previewing readers what they’re going to read on later. | #12| The first and second school are working-class schools where majority of the parents of students here h ave blue-collar jobs. | It shows the situation of the elementary schools to provide readers with the information on how much the working class’s salaries are. #13| The third school is a middle class school where it’s still split up into 3 different groups: low-middle class, middle class, and upper-middle class. | This paragraph explains some careers of the elementary student’s parents. | #14| The fourth school is an upper class. Majority of the students here are white. | This explains the upper class parent jobs. | #15| The last school is an â€Å"Executive Elite School† because the majority of fathers of students are top executives. No minority students attend this school. | It talks about the upper of the upper class and describes how less than 1% of families. #16| The author talks about how each school work will be different. | This is the conclusion to how the schools are separated between classes. | #17| Different classes have different ways for stud ents to learn and how every teacher teaches different. | This is the introduction paragraph to describe the teaching styles of each different class. | #18| The students will have different relations to the authorities throughout the schools. | It explains the relationship between students and staff members of the school. | Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work" essay for you Create order

The Importance Of Cheating In My Life - 1519 Words

In the real world cheaters do prosper, and no one seems to care – I do. Although people succeed every day by bending or breaking the rules, that does not make it a valuable victory. The sad fact is that sometimes cheaters do prosper. Cheating is the new norm in many facets of our lives, from sports to taxes. People who are good at cheating gain prestige and respect for working smarter not harder, but that is immoral and a fallacy. Cheaters devalue the efforts of those who came before and those who will follow them in any particular field. Particularly, it reverberates through sports and my goal is to be a paragon of good sportsmanship and not cheat. The most important moral principal in my life to win through hard work and effort†¦show more content†¦I would do it through hard work, perseverance, intestinal fortitude, and, above all else, good clean sportsmanship. When you cheat, you are really only cheating yourself. Adjusting a clock, taking a shortcut, or us ing illegal equipment will all catch up with you. You will not only lose any honor your victories brought, but you will lose face and trust from your fellow competitors. Respect among competitors is paramount. Whether they are top-tier or below average is not important. In a recent example at the World Championships, a runner won a distance race by a large margin and, immediately, there were suspicions of performance enhancing drug use. The suspicions did not come from the public but from coaches and other athletes that know the investment required for a certain outcome. Yet, the runner did not seem to have a record of expected work. What is important is that competitors come to the field and offer their best personal effort to put it against everyone. There is no disgrace in losing to a superior athlete because you should never stop trying to improve yourself through such challenges. You should not take much pride in defeating a weaker opponent. They are likely trying hard t o improve themselves as much as you are. This is a trust and unspoken pact among athletes. When someone cheats, theyShow MoreRelatedWhy Academic Integrity Is Important For The Classroom Of Today s Society1343 Words   |  6 Pagesplagiarism. There are several reason as why academic integrity is important in today’s society. It really all comes down if you want to be successful in the future at whatever you choose to do. To conclude I have had my own trouble with academic integrity; however, I believe that I have learned my lesson as to why academic integrity is so important in the classroom of today’s schools. Many people do not even know what exactly academic integrity even is. According to Penn State’s official website, â€Å"AcademicRead MoreEssay On Cheating Infraction1595 Words   |  7 Pagesindicating my involvement in a cheating infraction. I was participating in Charlie Nuttelman’s class recitation where we must take five online quizzes to account for a final grade. The course and quizzes are completely online, excluding the prompt the teaching assistant gives out prior to the quiz. The prompt includes a series of codes and questions, in addition to a few rules students must abide by during the exam. These rules include, but are not limited to, the restriction of cheating, cell phoneRead MoreA Study On The Work Of A Teacher At Harvard University Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesthat. One paper, it turned out, her mother had extensively rewritten — and extensively plagiarized.â€Å"I said, ‘So what’s the lesson here?’ † Ms. Gallant said. â€Å"And she said, completely serious, ‘Check the work my mom does?’ † This shows how the parent has taken over the assigment. How has cheating affected society overall Our society seems to promote that you should do whatever it takes to win or succeed. Children don’t like to lose. Our culture appears to say that it is acceptable to step on othersRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1353 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a tragedy play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. The play explains the story of a solider, Iago, that destroys a powerful general named Othello’s marriage, reputation, and overall life. The actions of the protagonist in the play, Iago, will be analyzed for their importance and domino effect throughout the play. Iago is a soldier of the army in Venice. He is a flat character in the play that is selfish, but on the exterior appears to value other individual’s concerns more thanRead MoreWhy I Love the Dentistry Profession775 Words   |  3 Pagesoral hygiene is often an afterthought. While this is now slowly changing, I saw dentistry as a way to improve quality of life through patient educa tion. First off, i think that most of us have had a personal experience that really gave us a desire to pursue dentistry. This is something that cant be fabricated and has to come from within. For me it was my personal experience with my own dentist while I was undergoing a dental procedure. Also who doesn’t like giving their patients a reason to smile againRead MoreHonest Reputation Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Reputation, Othello Everyone is responsible for their own reputation. Many people do believe that a reputation can make the best of you, while others would strongly disagree. In Shakespeare’s novel, Othello, the main antagonist, Iago, frequently express that his reputation is important to him. However, he represents just some of the many characters who care a great deed about their reputation. Other characters like Desdemona and Othello also demonstrate a high regard forRead MoreCheating Is A Word?1496 Words   |  6 PagesCheating is a word that no one wants to have attached to their name, because it comes attached with a load of negative stigma. What exactly is the definition of cheating? According to Oxford Dictionaries, the definition of the word â€Å"cheat† is as follows: â€Å"Act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination.† As one can adhere through this definition, when someone cheats they are acting in a dishonest way th at deprives others of the truth. There are manyRead MoreWhat Makes A Healing Dream?998 Words   |  4 Pagesacquainting yourself with the unconscious. Jung says in the â€Å"The Importance of Dreams† that â€Å"†¦Man also produces symbols unconsciously and spontaneously, in the form of dreams.† (pg.63) Dreams are not attempts to hide your true feelings from the waking mind, but rather they are an opening to your unconscious. These dreams serve to guide the waking self to achieve wholeness and offer a solution to a problem you are facing in your waking life. Some would say a healing dream is like a call to action, theyRead MoreAnorexia: The Cheating Disorder, by Richard Murphy853 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Anorexia: The Cheating Disorder† by Richard Murphy discusses two instances the author was suspicious of students plagiarizing their work, as well as the damage plagiarism can cause to everyone involved. Murphy was an associate English professor at Radford University (898) and has experienced many attempts at plagiarism, describing it as â€Å"a thin wood splinter in the edge of one’s thumb† (899). That feeling is irritating and can’t be ignored until it is removed, so the author is obsessive aboutRead MoreStudent Cheating Is Not The Right Thing, But When No One Is Watching935 Words   |  4 Pagesacademic dishonesty is student cheating. Each student once felt the temptation to cheat at some point in life. The article states â€Å"75% of college students admit to cheating† (Buchmann). It can be an improper collaboration, academic misconduct in online courses, fabrication, forgery and so on. For many students cheating is a shortcut to achieve any goal. I thought so when I was in school. I was obliged to take class that I was not so particularly interested in to fulfill my degree requirements. The teacher

Investment Management Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT FIN6310: INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET #1 PROF. ARZU OZOGUZ SPRING 2013 1. Calculate the value of the following two bonds. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Assume that coupon payments are made semi-annually and that par value is $1,000 for both bonds. Coupon rate Time to maturity Yield-to-maturity Bond A 5% 5 yrs 7. 2% Bond B 5% 25 yrs 7. 2% Recalculate the bonds’ values if the yield to maturity changes to 9. 4%. Which bond is more sensitive to the changes in the yield? Will this always be the case? When the yield-to-maturity is 7. %, the bond prices are, respectively, 1 1 1. 036 0. 036 1 1. 036 0. 036 1 1. 047 0. 047 1 1. 047 0. 047 25 1000 1. 036 1000 1. 036 908. 98 1 25 746. 58 When the yield-to-maturity is 9. 4%, the bond prices are, respectively, 1 25 1000 1. 036 1000 1. 047 827. 62 1 25 579. 01 Price of bond A decreases by 8. 95%, while price of bond B drops by 22. 45%. The longer term bond is more sensitive to a given change in the discount rate. This will always be the case. Mathematically, there are more terms in the equation for the longer-term bond that are influenced by the discount rate. Practically speaking, your money is tied up longer with a longer term bond and so you will experience greater capital losses and gains when interest rates change. 2. A bond with a coupon rate of 4. 7% is priced to yield 6. 30%. Coupon is paid is semi-annually; the par value is $1,000. The bond has 5 years remaining until maturity. Assuming that market rates stay the same over the next five years, calculate the value of the bond at the beginning of each year and the amount of change in the bond’s value from year to year. Describe the behavior of the bond’s value over time. At t = 0, at issue the price will be 1 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 23. 5 1000 1. 0315 932. 28 At the end of year 1, the price becomes 1 23. 5 1000 1. 0315 1000 1. 0315 1000 1. 0315 1000 1. 0315 944. 20 1 23. 5 956. 88 1 23. 5 970. 37 1 23. 5 1000 984. 73 The price change from year to year is ? ? ? ? ? 11. 92 12. 68 13. 49 14. 36 15. 27 The bond is selling at a discount today; its price will rise to move toward par value at maturity. The change in price increases as it gets closer to maturity. 3. Suppose that you purchased a 20-year bond that pays an annual coupon of $40 and is selling at par. Calculate the one –year holding period return for each of these three cases. a. The yield-to-maturity is 5. 5% one year from now. If the yield-to-maturity is 5. 5% one year from now, the bond will be selling for 1 1 1000 1. 055 40 825. 89 1. 055 0. 055 Hence, the holding-period-return (HPR) is: 825. 89 40 1000 13. 41% 1000 b. The yield-to-maturity is the same one year from today as it is today. In this case, the bond price will remain at par and therefore the holding period return equals to coupon rate 4% c. The yield-to-maturity is 2. 5% one year from now. 1 1000 1. 025 40 1224. 68 1. 025 0. 025 Hence, the holding-period-return (HPR) is: 1224. 68 40 1000 26. 47% 1000 1 4. Plot the yield curve implied by the data in the following table. Time to maturity 3 months 6 months 1 year 2 years 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years Yield-tomaturity 2. 40% 2. 60% 3. 00% 4. 30% 4. 80% 5. 70% 6. 40% 5. 20% Based on the Expectations Hypothesis, what does the yield curve tell us about short-term rates 5 years from now? What does it tell us about short rates 15 years from now and 20 years from now? Since the yield curve is upward sloping through the fifth year, investors expect that short term rates will be higher during that period than they are today. That is, they expect the 3-month rate to be higher than 2. 4% when five years have passed. They also expect short term rates to be higher than current rates in 15 years. This is reflected in the slope of the yield curve which is positive through year 15. However, the expectation is that after 15 years, short term rates will begin to fall again. The downward slope in the yield curve is a sign of that expectation. That is, the 3-month rate that prevails 20 years from now is expected to be lower than the 3-month rate that prevails 15 years from now. 5. The current yield curve for default free zero-coupon bonds is as follows: Maturity (years) 1 2 3 Yield-tomaturity 10% 11% 12% a. What are the implied one year forward rates? The one-year forward rate for time 2 solves the following equation: 1. 11 1. 10 1 12. 009%. Similarly, the one-year forward rate for time 3 solves That is, the equation: 1. 12 That is, 14. 0271% 1. 11 1 b. Assume that the expectations hypothesis of the term structure is correct. If market expectations are accurate, what will the yields to maturity on one year and two year zero coupon bonds be next year? We have already computed the forecast for the one year rate next year. We must now compute the expectation for the 2-years to maturity. This must equate the strategy that consists of investing for 3 years at the current 3-year spot rate with the strategy of investing at the one-year spot rate and then rolling over the profits into a two-year bond one year from now: 1. 10 1 1. 12 13. 0136%. Hence, the forecast for the one-year yield is This implies that 12. 09%, and forecast for the two-year yield is 13. 0136%. c. If you purchase a two year zero coupon bond now, what is the expected total rate of return over the next year? What if you purchase a three year zero coupon bond? You can assume that the par value is $100. We need to compute the forecasted price of the two-year zero-coupon bond at the end of the first year. Notice that by that time this has become a one-year bond. Hence its price is 1000 1. 12009 892. 79 Today the price of this bond is simply 892. 79 811. 62 does not pay any coupons, its return is given by: 1 1 10% . 11. 62. Since this bond Similarly, if you purchase a three-year zero coupon bond today, the forecasted price a year later is 1000 1. 130136 Today, this bond’s price is simply expected holding period return is 78. 295 71. 178 1 78. 295 . 71. 178. Therefore, the 10% 6. Consider the following three bonds. You are investigating how the bonds would react to changes in interest rates. Bond A Face value Years to maturity Coupon rate Yield-to-maturity $1,000 3 5. 5% 4. 80% Zero-coupon bond $1,000 2. 85 0 4. 80% Bond B $1,000 3 8. 75% 4. 80% Assume that coupons are paid once a year. . Find the duration of each bond. Bond A Time 1 2 3 Price ZCB Time 2. 85 Price Bond B Time 1 2 3 Price Cash Flow 87. 5 87. 5 1087. 5 Present value 83. 49 79. 67 944. 81 1107. 97 Weight 0. 075 0. 072 0. 853 Cash Flow 1000 Present value 874 . 92 874. 92 Weight 1. 000 Cash Flow 55 55 1055 Present value 52. 48 50. 08 916. 58 1019. 13 Weight 0. 051 0. 049 0. 899 Hence, the durations are: 0. 051 0. 075 1 1 0. 049 0. 072 2 2 0. 899 0. 853 3 3 2. 85 2. 78 2. 85 b. Calculate the modified duration of each bond. The modified durations are ? ? 2. 85 2. 72 1. 048 2. 78 2. 5 1. 048 c. Calculate the estimated percentage change in price of each bond due to a 0. 50% change in yield to maturity. The percentage change in the price of each bond due to a change in the yield? ? ? to-maturity is ? ? ? 2. 72 2. 65 0. 5% 1. 36% 1. 33% 0. 5% d. What can you conclude about the reactions of the bonds? Specifically, compare the percentage price changes of the bonds with similar durations and the bonds with similar maturities. Bonds with equal durations are more alike than bonds with equal maturities in their reactions to changes in yields. 7. Suppose that your insurance company has issued a Guaranteed Investment Contract (GIC) that matures in three years and promises to pay an interest rate of 23. 36%. The amount invested in GIC today is $150,000. You have decided to immunize your position by purchasing a bond that has a par value of $150,000, a coupon rate of 23. 36%, and four years to maturity. The bond is selling currently at par value. a. What is the future value of your company’s obligation? The future value of the obligation is $150,000 1. 2336 $281,588. 13 b. Assume that the interest rate stays at 23. 36%. At the date at which each payment is received, compute the accumulated value of reinvested coupons and the proceeds from the bond sale. How close will you come to your meeting your obligation? The bond pays a coupon of $150,000 23. 36% $35,040. If the market rates remain unchanged, at the end of year three it will be possible to sell the bond still at par. With this information, we can construct the following table: Year 1 2 3 3 Total future value Cash flow 35,040 35,040 35,040 150,000 Accumulated value 53,322. 78 43,225. 34 35,040 150,000 281,588. 13 That is, you will be able to repay your obligation in full. How to cite Investment Management, Essay examples Investment Management Free Essays 24/02/2013 1 25721 INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT Lecturers: Sean Anthonisz Nadima El-Hassan Jianxin Wang Brandon Zhu Subject Coordinator: Jianxin Wang Objectives 2 ? ? ? ? Why do you take this subject? What do you expect to learn? How much did you pay for this subject? Is this a good investment? Investment Decisions 3 ? ? How much should I invest in risky assets? How much should I invest in different risky assets? ? ? How many risky assets should I hold? When not to diversify? ? How to determine mispricing? Fair value today? Expected return next year? ? How well do asset pricing models work? ? ? 1 24/02/2013 Investment Decisions 4 ? Passive versus active investing ? ? Is market efficient? Why not? What does it take to beat the market? How to hedge and how much to hedge? Derivative pricing Trading cost, liquidity, private information ? How should I manage risk? ? ? ? How should I trade? ? ? Sources of my performance? What Do We Learn in This Subject? 5 ? ? ? ? A theoretical framework for portfolio construction. A theoretical framework for the pricing of equities and bonds. Some practical applications of asset pricing models and portfolio analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Issues relating to market efficiency and investor behaviour. Course Structure 6 Funds Management Information Portfolio Theory Risk and Return Markets and Investing CAPM Factor Models APT Options Fixed Income Equities Futures 2 24/02/2013 Investment Electives 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? 25705 Financial Modelling and Forecasting 25728 Bond Portfolio Management 25729 Applied Portfolio Management 24731 International Finance 25762 Synthetic Financial Products A whole range of subjects for Quant Fin majors: technical analysis, numerical analysis, fin econometrics, stat methods, derivative pricing, interest rate modelling. Prerequisite 8 ? ? 25742 Financial Management Basic math and statistics Basic calculus and optimization Probability and distributions ? Mean, variance, standard deviation, covariance ? Linear regression by ordinary least square (OLS) ? ? ? Read the online Quantitative Review ? A very brief review next week What Is Expected – in class 9 ? Lectures are primarily aimed at Identifying and explaining key concepts and issues Highlighting the links to practice ? Completing selected problems from text ? ? ? Questions are encouraged and rewarded. ? Discussion is better than lecture Mutual respect and encouragement; Potential problems: repeated late arrivals, chatting during lecture, academic honesty Code of behavior ? ? 3 24/02/2013 What Is Expected – outside class 10 ? Address some details within the course reading materials. ? Group study is more effective ? ? Workload is about 7-8 hours per week on average (albeit uneven), including course readings, practices, and assignments. Multiple learning channels: ? ? Multiple levels of learning: ? Web-bas ed learning support Lecture material, textbook, and Excel sheets Approach to Learning 11 ? ? ? Read relevant chapters prior to lectures Attempt to identify and understand the key messages: Concepts? Issues? Connections? Ask questions during lecture. ? You paid $$$ for the opportunity ? ? Think reflect; don’t just summarize memorize. Practice using back-of-chapter questions. Approach to Learning — I listen and I forget; I see and I remember; I do and I understand. —Xun Zi Just Do It! —Nike 12 4 24/02/2013 Textbook and Readings 13 ? Bodie, Kane, Marcus, Investments, 9th Ed, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011. ? You take full responsibility if using an earlier edition. ? ? ? ? Harvard Business School case study 9202-024 â€Å"Strategic Capital Management†. R. A. Haugen, Modern Investment Theory, 5th Ed, Pearson Higher Education, 2001. J. H. Cochrane, 2006, Investments Notes. Other fun books on financial markets. Assessments 14 ? Weekly online quizzes: 10 marks ? ? ? ? ? 15 MC questions in 1 hour Unlimited tries with the best mark kept Monday morning to next Wednesday midnight Once closed, quizzes cannot be reopened Best 10 marks for the semester Group-based case report Online group registration Report due 5pm Friday March 29 Late submissions carry point deduction ? Case study in lecture 6: 10 marks ? ? ? ? Assessments 15 ? Mid-session exam: 40 marks ? ? ? ? Cover lectures 1 – 6, including the case study Multiple-choice (20 marks) Short-answer questions (20 marks) No formula sheet Cover lectures 7 – 13, excluding lecture 8 Multiple-choice (20 marks) Short-answer questions (20 marks) A short list of formulas will be identified and provided during the final exam. ? Final exam: 40 marks ? ? ? ? 5 24/02/2013 Online Group Registration 16 ? ? ? ? ? ? Log in the online course website Click on â€Å"Groups† in the left panel Group names contain â€Å"1m†, â€Å"2m†, â€Å"3m†, â€Å"4m†, indicating max members = 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. The first member is the group leader. Registration closes after 5pm on March 10. Changing group only in the most extreme circumstances. What’s Required? 17 ? ? ? Materials covered in the chapters listed in the lecture program, except certain subsections are explicitly excluded. The midsession and the final exams will focus on materials covered during lectures, with at most 3-4 multiple-choice questions in each exam on materials not covered in lectures. Materials not covered in lectures will be heavily featured in the online quizzes. Administrative Issues 8 ? Name sign: â€Å"Open† for the business of learning ? Take it out at the start of every lecture It’s good to make the lecturer know your name ? Come to consultation hours ? ? ? Other times by appointment Email for straightforward questions Complex questions are best answered through interactive discussion ? Emails will be answered before or during the next consultation hours ? 6 24/02/2013 Learning Support â €“ Postgraduate ? ? ? ? ? Need help with your postgraduate studies at UTS Business School? Are you new to university / postgraduate education? Not sure to how develop your academic skills in writing, reading, critical thinking etc.? Not sure how to complete assignments or achieve your best? Ask for help from the Learning Support Coordinator ? ? ? ? ? ? Make appointments for confidential individual help Lots of ‘online study resources’ to recommend / hardcopy study resources to share Attend the Study Skills Workshops all semester / or download them / Help by email / phone support / Email: learningsupport@uts. edu. au www:http://www. business. uts. edu. au/teaching/student/resources/studen t-learning. tml Join us on facebook UTSBlearningsupport ? Asset Classes 20 ? ? ? ? ? ? The money market The bond market The equity market The real estate market Currency markets Derivative markets ? Financial and commodities ? Others? Trading Platforms 21 ? Organized exchanges Dealership markets Auction markets ? Electronic trading ? ? ? ? OTC – NASDAQ Alternative trading systems (ATS) ? ECNs, dark pools, internal crossi ngs. ? Algorithm/high frequency trading 7 24/02/2013 High Frequency Trading 22 ? Menkveld (2011): a HFTer on Chi-X Dutch stocks from Jan 2007 to June 2008 Trades 1400 times per stock per day ? Gross profit per trade â‚ ¬0. 88 ? ? ? ? ? â‚ ¬1. 55 profit on the spread net of fees â‚ ¬0. 45 profit on positions 5 seconds â‚ ¬1. 13 loss on positions = 5 seconds Max capital committed ? â‚ ¬2 million per stock ? Implied annualized Sharpe ratio = 9. 35! ? ? Sharpe ratio for SP500 over the period = -0. 16 ? Chi-X is in Australia. Costs of Trading 23 ? Commission: fee paid to broker for making the transaction ? Exchange members/subscribers? ? Spread: Bid and ask prices Spread: ask – bid ? P89, #14 ? Market versus limit orders ? ? ? Price impact of large trades Stock Margin Trading 24 ? ? ? ? Borrow (from brokers) to purchase shares Initial margin Maintenance margin – minimum level the equity margin can be Margin call ? Call for more equity funds ? Margin arrangements differ for stocks and derivatives 8 24/02/2013 Margin Trading – Initial Conditions 25 ? ? ? ? ? X Corp: P = $70 Initial Margin = 50% Maintenance Margin = 40% 1000 Shares Purchased Initial Position: Stock $70,000 Borrowed Equity $35,000 $35,000 Maintenance Margin 26 ? ? Stock price falls to $60 per share New Position ? $60,000=$35,000(Borrowed) + 25,000(Equity) ? Margin = $25,000/$60,000 = 41. 67% How far can the price fall before a margin call? ? ? (1000P – $35,000) / 1000P = 40% P = $58. 33 ? P88, #9 Short Sale 27 ? ? Purpose: Profit from a price fall Mechanics Borrow stock through a dealer/broker Sell it and deposit proceeds and margin in an account ? Any dividend is passed back to the lender ? Closing out the position ? ? ? ? Buy back the stock and retu rn it to the lender Profits can be deposited into your own account ? Naked versus covered short sale 9 24/02/2013 Short Sale – Initial Conditions 28 Z Corp Initial Margin Maintenance Margin Initial Price Sale Proceeds Margin Account Balance 100 Shares 50% 30% $100 $10,000 $ 5,000 $15,000 Short Sale – Maintenance Margin 29 ? Stock Price Rises to $110 Stock owed Net equity ? Margin % (4000/11000) ? ? $11,000 $ 4,000 36% ? ? How much can the stock price rise before a margin call? ($15,000 – 100P) / (100P) = 30% P = $115. 38 P89, #12 Summary 30 ? Course introduction and requirements ? Think, reflect, and participate ? ? Financial markets and assets Trading of financial assets Trading platforms Transaction costs ? Margin trading and short selling ? ? 10 How to cite Investment Management, Essay examples

British Empire Essay Example For Students

British Empire Essay Wexford and Burden both have stable marriages and family backgrounds. Wexford is married to Dora, and Burden to Jenny. We can see that the two couples are on good terms with each other as the two police officers often go out for drinks together and are on good terms with each other. Also, we know from the text that their wives are friends with each other, which shows that their relationships arent just a professional one. The relationships between the two sets of detectives (Holmes, Watson, Wexford and Burden) are different. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band Holmes is considered as the main character. He is the potentate, whilst Watson plays the role of his faithful sidekick. From all of Conan Doyles past works involving Sherlock Holmes, we see that Watson is not as clever as Holmes and this one is clearly no exception. We will write a custom essay on British Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Watson is actually very smart, but when he is working alongside Homes, Holmes intelligence overshadows his. Although Watson is not working on the same level as Holmes, one can see that they are extremely close. This closeness between the two characters can be seen from the fact that Holmes and Watson are living on the same premises. Watsons purpose is partly as a dramatic device in which he is the narrator. This helps to keep the suspense because Holmes doesnt tell Watson anything he discovered. Although Watson is the narrator, he doesnt dominate the narrative and we can see that Holmes is the leader and he takes control. In Bloodlines, as mentioned before, Wexford and Burdens relationship is mostly a professional one although they are friendly enough towards each other to go out for drinks with each other. As said before, Wexford and Burden do not work together, where as Holmes and Watson do in the stories. Due to that fact, we cannot really compare the relationships of Wexford and Burdens with that of Holmes and Watsons. Although Burden is a police officer, he does not work with Wexford. Burdens opinions about characters and situations underline Rendells view of society. The crime and the way the facts are revealed to the reader are different in the two stories even though they are both murder crimes. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band the reader can tell who had committed the crime, but not how it was done. On the other hand, in Bloodlines, one knows how the murder was accomplished, but not who had done it. Both of the crimes involved in the two stories are murders and both stories feature stepfathers and money. In The Adventure of the Speckled Band, it is the stepfather that commits the crime. Dr. Roylott then dies at the end of the story. In Bloodlines the stepfather is already dead. Both of these men are portrayed as the enemies as Dr. Roylott killed Julia Stoner and he had planned to kill her sister, Helen Stoner as well. The reader finds out in the end of Bloodlines that Tom Peterlee was murdered by Carol Fox (his mistress), but he is also considered a bad character as he abused his wife badly. In both stories, we see that there are a lot of violence and brutality, all involving women. In the Holmes story, the reader has been given enough facts to determine who had killed Julia Stoner, but the method of the murder was not clear. Holmes knew how the crime was done but because the story is a first person narrative, from Watsons perspective, we did not find out until the end when Holmes tells Watson this. Bloodlines is different because the narrative is an omniscient one, and it tells the reader what is going on, but the person that had committed the crime is not revealed until the very end. .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 , .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .postImageUrl , .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 , .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1:hover , .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1:visited , .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1:active { border:0!important; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1:active , .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1 .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa8ccd3baffe6581820c37d0785511f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Highwayman Poem Analysis EssayThe time and the location of The Adventure of the Speckled Band allow Dr. Roylott to be more calculating and devious about the way he commits the crime. The murder in Bloodlines was more of a spontaneous reaction to the events that precede it. The murderer in the first story premeditated the murder very carefully and the story was started before a second murder took place. The fact that Holmes was trying to prevent a second murder, without the reader actually acknowledging it creates more tension and suspense in the story. In Bloodlines, the detectives were investigating a crime that has already taken place, instead of trying to prevent an other murder from taking place (like in The Adventure of the Speckled Band). This gives the story less tension and it is less dramatic. The stories reflect the time in which they are set through superficial details as well as details with more profundity in them. The Adventure of the Speckled Band was set in the 19th century; this can be seen in a number of ways. In the opening paragraphs of the story, the narrative actually said: It was early in the year 83 Holmes pointed out to Helen Stoner that she had ridden in a dogcart, but now they dont exist anymore. The language in which the story is presented in is very formal and nobody talks like that anymore. The story suggests that quite a lot of people lived in India at that time. When Dr. Roylott was in India This is evidence that India was still a part of the British Empire and it also suggests that the story was set in the 19th century. The difference in monetary values was mentioned in the story as well. One thousand pounds is hardly worth calling a fortune now but it was considered as quite a sum of money in the 19th century. The way that the story portrayed women as inferior to men also shows the reader that the story was set in the 19th century. Helen Stoner and her sisters money was placed in the trust of her stepfather until marriage illustrates to the reader that women were regarded as inferior to men at that time. The sentences in The Adventure of the Speckled Band tend to be longer and there are a high number of clauses in the sentences.

Organisational and Environmental Factors †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Organisational and Environmental Factors. Answer: Introduction During the past few years there has been a solution which appeared in the field of the information technology, which is the cloud computing, it is impossible to ignore it since the cloud computing enables the business to outsource the data, electronically mail, folders as well as the other programs via the virtual setups via the medium of the servers that are attached between them. This data could be reached wherever anytime (Abadi, 2009). The only necessity for the cloud computing would be to have an offered connection of the internet. The influences of the cloud computing has brought a number of changes not merely in the global efficiency of the business, in addition to their internal organization particularly in the IT department. This opportunity is modifying on the way the usual method in the business are carried out such as the back-up of the data (Abadi, 2009). The cloud computing has brought new tools as well as new perspectives of the evolution for the business which are usi ng it. The term cloud computing is regarded as the data which is stored and could be accessed via the internet and not in the traditional way from the hardware of the computers. The cloud computing for business is aimed at providing the holistic view of how cloud computing relates to the business world (Abdollahzadegan, Hussin, Razak, Moshfegh Gohary and Amini, 2013). In this research it will provide a review of the advantages and the disadvantages to which the cloud computing has brought to the business. The aim of this research is to explore on the current cloud computing market with the critical analysis of the advantages and the disadvantages it bring to the businesses (Abadi, 2009). This is geared as being the reference point to the business enterprises who are willing to use the cloud in utilizing its objective. The scope of this study has been limited to the peripheral of the cloud computing complexity and that of the business. This research would give the common reader a clear understanding to the issue which will be discussed (Alshamaila, Papagiannidis and Li, 2013). This study has a wider coverage but the focus of the study is on the advantages and the disadvantages of the cloud computing for the business. Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing In this section of the literature review it will highlights on the main advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing for the business. Advantages of the cloud computing The cloud computing presents a lot of benefits for the business, some of these are as follows; Cost efficiency: The cloud computing is regarded as the cost effective method to use, sustain as well as upgrade for the business (Aljabre, 2012). The traditional desktop software cost business a lot in relation to the finances. Increasing to the licensing fees for the numerous users that could turn out to be very costly particularly for the establishment which are concerned. With regards to the cloud computing it really is offered at an appreciably lower rates and therefore it could lower on the company costs (Alshamaila, Papagiannidis and Li, 2013). Additionally, there are numerous onetime payment, pay while you go along with other scalable options available, that makes it to be particularly reasonable for the organizations. Backup and recovery: This benefit is important in that all the data is stored in the cloud, backing it up in addition to restoring the same is extremely easier than storing it on the bodily devices for example the hard drives (Alshamaila, Papagiannidis and Li, 2013). Furthermore, many of the cloud services providers are in a position to the level that they can handle the recovery of the data (Aljabre, 2012). Consequently, this make the entire process of backing along with the recovery to be much easier than the other traditional methods which are useful for storage of the data. It is also crucial that you note that in some instances, the cloud itself could be utilized as the repository backup of the data especially to the local computers. Automation of the software integration: when it comes to the cloud computing, the software integration is something which occurs automatically. This hence signifies that one does not have to take the additional initiatives to be able to personalize in addition to integrate on the software according to one preferences (Al-Rousan, 2015). This aspect typically takes care of itself. Furthermore, in the cloud computing it enables one to personalize on the numerous alternatives with significantly ease (Assuno, Calheiros, Bianchi, Netto and Buyya, 2015). The businesses are able to handpick the services as well as the software programs which they think will suit best to their organization. Scalability and performance: The aspect of scalability is an in-built feature for the deployments of the cloud. Example the cloud are integrated instantly only as required and as result, one only require to pay for the programs in addition to the data storage that one needs (Velte, Elsenpeter and Elsenpeter 2010). Hand in hand, it also comes flexibility, given that the clouds might be extended to satisfy on the altering information technology system demands (Al-Rousan, 2015). In relation to the performance, the system usually use distributed architectures which offer a great speed of the computations. Additionally, the responsibility of the provider could be to make sure that the solutions could operate on the cutting edge machinery (Al-Rousan, 2015). The situations can certainly be added for the immediately enhanced performances and the clients will surely have a use of the overall tools of the primary of the cloud through their dashboards. Device diversity and the location indepen dence: The cloud computing services could be accessed via the plethora of the electronic devices that are in a position to have accessibility to the internet. These device constitute not merely the conventional PCs, however along with the smartphones and the tablets (Assuno, Calheiros, Bianchi, Netto and Buyya, 2015). With the cloud BYOD policy they could be designed very easily, enabling the employees to bring their private owned devices to the work environment. Additionally, a client might determine which the devices to use are along with the where to access the service from (Assuno, Calheiros, Bianchi, Netto and Buyya, 2015). There is absolutely no restriction of the place and the medium. Businesses can gain access to their programs and the data from anywhere on the globe, hence making this approach to be essential for the business (Sajid and Raza, 2013). The cloud computing is this manner since it is appealing to the internal organization since it offered the versatility for the employees to gain access to on the business files whenever they are. Reduced support and hardware needs: As one move much more crucial application for the enterprise in the cloud, they might most likely note that there is no need for upgrade of the computers consistently as many of the staff can do without the higher end of the computers (Assuno, Calheiros, Bianchi, Netto and Buyya, 2015). The reason being the actual computing is not taking place on the computer. An example a two hundred dollars tablet can access the salesforce as well as the Google Apps accounts much quicker as the two thousand dollars premium computers (Aljabre, 2012). The cloud computing infrastructure requires a much smaller information technology employees as comparison to the traditional IT set up which does. This is because the organization will not be managing on the software anymore. Disadvantages of the cloud computing The business have encountered many drawbacks of the cloud computing, these aspect are discussed as below: Security: Although the providers of the cloud services implement the best security protocols, standards and the industry specification, storage of the data and vital files to the external service provider could pose a risk to the business (Assuno, Calheiros, Bianchi, Netto and Buyya, 2015). Through use of the cloud powered technologies highlights that one needs to offer your service provider with the use of these types of essential business data. Furthermore, being a public service opens up cloud providers to the security issues each day (Garrison, Wakefield and Kim, 2015). The easy of procuring along with accessing the cloud services could offer nefarious users the ability to scan, recognize along with exploit the loopholes and the vulnerabilities that might be within the system (Alshamaila, Papagiannidis and Li, 2013). An illustration might be in the multi-tenant cloud architecture in which there are several users who are hosted on the similar servers, an attacker might try to brea k into the data of the other business that are managed as well as stored on the same servers. Nonetheless, these exploits and loopholes which are inclined not to surface and the likelihood of the compromise is not great. The cloud vendors heading out of the business: The cloud computing is evolving field, and there is undoubtedly the danger that a new business might cross the business or maybe radically change on the service (Marston, Li, Bandyopadhyay, Zhang and Ghalsasi, 2011). Any specific sudden change in the service might not be too detrimental in case one was using the application for one time project, but this could be disastrous if a business is using it for the entire donor database (Rittinghouse and Ransome, 2016). When one is evaluating the cloud providers, it is important to find which options one could have when it comes to backing up as well as extracting on the data. Contracts and the obligations: when a business put their applications in the cloud they may think there application is safe. But they do not forget that the programs needs to be maintained and the OS needed to host the applications and they need to be managed and patched more regularly (Garrison, Wakefield and Kim, 2015). If the business does not make sure who is responsible for the security of the programs you are in sure trouble (Garrison, Wakefield and Kim, 2015). Therefore, when it comes to signing of a contract with the cloud service providers it is important to make it clear what are the obligations of the business and those of the cloud providers in regards to cloud security, management and data privacy. Technical issues It is true that the data as well as information on the cloud might be accessed anytime and from anyplace, there are time nevertheless that the system might have severe irregularities concerns (Raghava and Singh, 2014). The businesses should know the fact that the technology is actually prone to the outages along with other technical issues (Chandrasekaran, 2014). Even the best cloud service providers can come across such trouble, despite the high standards of the maintenance. Furthermore, organizations requires a good connection of internet to be logged to the server all the times. In case there is network and the connectivity problems the organization could be stuck. Cost: initially, the cloud computing application would seem to be less expensive compared to a particular software solution which is set up and run in-house (Garrison, Wakefield and Kim, 2015). Moreover, the companies need to ensure that the cloud programs have all the capabilities which the software should have and to identify the ones that are missing functions (Chandrasekaran, 2014). There is a need for a total cost assessment which must be carried out to make sure that these application are not costly. Most of the cloud computers vendors they present themselves as the utility dependent providers, and they more regularly claim which they only charge for which the clients use , however this is not true ins many of the case (Nkhoma, Dang and De Souza-Daw, 2013). An organization should commit to a predetermined contract that is independent to the actual use. Businesses should look closely with regards to the pricing plans and the details for each of the program. There is the challenge of inflexibility: when the organization choose a cloud computing vendor, it means they will be locking their proprietary application or the formats (Chandrasekaran, 2014). An example, it becomes impossible to insert a document which is created in another program into the Google Docs spreadsheet (Chandrasekaran, 2014). Additionally, a business needs to be able to add or even subtract the cloud computing user as necessary as their business grow. Conclusion The cloud computing has been a quick changing area which will continue undoubtedly in playing the major role for the organizations. Like everything else, the cloud computing has advantages as well as disadvantages. This technology can prove to be a great asset to the business, however it can also result in harm in case it is not comprehended and used accordingly. 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