Victimization, Deterrence and Social Disorganization

Victimization, Deterrence and well-disposed DisorganizationThe deportment fertilise surmise is one of the developmental theories that is interesting. The heart lam conjecture incorpo respects the idea from the affable fall uponing guess that disgust is a conditioned behavior (Siegel, 2011). This authorises when the individual experiences a transition during their emotional state course. According to the life course speculation we start behaviors at a very upstart age that can welcome a significant impact on our adult life. One of the points brought up in the life course hypothesis is ab place transitions that we go through as we grow up such as finishing school, get a job, getting married and having kids (Siegel, 2011). These transitions ar what make the life course system a developmental theory be effort these transitions argon what can make or snitch your life. If a psyche experiences a good transition during their life it volition help them to stick about a way from iniquity whereas if they corroborate a bad transition full point it can truly cause them to start or resume a wicked lifestyle. If these transitions are experienced to soon or too modern it can also impact your life. Our textbook talks about these transitions as world too soon when a girl gets pregnant at a young age or too late when a teenager gets into the wrong crowd and makes choices that affects their futures and how these decisions can put their life on a totally different path than the one that they were on. The life course theory and the complaisant learning theory are similar in that they both gravel the principle that a person is born not knowing how to be a cruel but rather learn how to be a sad over the span of their life. The life course theory and the social learning theory are different in that the life course theory concentrates much(prenominal) than on the experiences of a persons life that affects them and if it influences them to change by reversal culpables or not whereas the social learning theory concentrates much on how the person is shaped by the society that they make it in and how that influences them to become sads or not.Compare and contrast the different theories of dupeization. In appurtenance to explaining the theories, discuss their strengths and failinges. Also, use one of the theories to explain why women are more likely than men to be the victims of rape and domestic violence. at that place are four different theories of victimization. These include victim hurriedness theory, lifestyle theory, deviate place theory, and the routine activities theory.The victim precipitation theory is where some concourse actually initiate the confrontation that razetually leads to their injury and death (Siegel, 2011). There are two ways that this theory can happen. It can any be active or passive. With active precipitation you have the victim that is demoing threating behavior along with an exchange of words that somemultiplication even leads to the victim flameing first. In the passive precipitation the victim acts in a way that can get ahead the person doing the attacking to attack or sometimes the victim can even send out threating signals that causes them to be a victim of abhorrence. I call up that the passive precipitation form of the victim precipitation theory would be the reason why women more than men are the victims of rape and domestic violence. Some women unwittingly flirt or exhibit sexual behavior that can encourage or entice a male into wanting to have his way with her. In the case of domestic violence the woman can cause the man to feel jeopardise by her actions without meaning to. She may be mad and yell or take at him and he feels threatened so he fights back. This is not an excuse for a male to strike a female of course but it can happen. One weakness of the victim precipitation theory is that with the passive precipitation form of this theory a person c an become a victim when they actually had nothing at all to do with what was going on.The lifestyle theory is where crime is not a random occurrence rather it is a function of the victims lifestyle (Siegel, 2011). fundamentally the more risk factors that you have in your life such as drinking and taking drugs the higher the endangerment that you exit become a victim at some point. I like the way that our book points out that if you live a party type lifestyle in college it makes you more susceptible to becoming a victim. If you are a person on the other hand that is colonized down and stays home a lot it reduces your chances of becoming a victim.The deviant place theory is the greater the exposure to dangerous places, the more likely great deal are to become victims of crime and violence (Siegel, 2011). This is basically that the person does not exhibit any behaviors to encourage the abominable to lift them but because of where they live they become a victim. For example peop le that live in the poorer areas of the urban center are more susceptible to becoming a victim than say someone that lives in the suburb outside of the city where they can better throw the elements that they live in and more or less. In the poorer areas is where I believe most of your criminals and homeless live and people who live around those elements become easier targets for the criminals.The routine activities theory is where victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable safeians, and the presence of do offenders (Siegel, 2011). Basically this theory is where you have three things that can increase the likelihood of crime taking place. You have houses that are in a nice similarity that have nice things in them that entice a criminal to break in to get these things to sell, you have no one home to guard the house and the nice things in the house and you have the criminal that is motivate d by seeing this and wanting to profit from breaking into the house.Explain the theory of frequent determent and the theory of specific bullying. Discuss how induction, severity, and speed of penalisation impact general disincentive? Then, discuss whether our current criminal arbitrator system frameively produces general deterrence and specific deterrence? If so, how? If not, what involve to change to produce general deterrence and/or specific deterrence? Be sure to answer these questions in regard to both general and specific deterrence.Theory of general deterrence is a crime retain policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties, convincing the potential justice violator that the pains associated with crime outweighs its benefits (Siegel, 2011). Basically with the theory of general deterrence it is saying that you will have a lower crime rate if the criminal believes that they will be severely punished for the crime that they commit. The certainty of punishment as pect impacts the general deterrence theory in that offenders that believe that they will be punished and that the punishment is not worth it to them will cause them to not commit the crime whereas offenders that believe that when they get caught they will not be punished will commit the crime. Certainty of punishment has a huge impact on a criminal when they are deciding to commit a crime or not. If a criminal believes that they will be severely punished for the crime they will find twice before committing the crime. However this aspect has little effect on the general deterrence theory. The swiftness of punishment does not have a large impact on the general deterrence theory because it takes so long to get through the court systems that by the time the criminal is sentenced that the effect of deterring the crime has long since been forgotten. It would be a good checkout if the punishment was carried out quickly I think. Like in the obsolescent days when someone killed someone th ey were taken out by the local anesthetic sheriff and hung. This being witnessed by the community deterred anyone else from wanting to commit the same crime and the same thing happening to them.Theory of specific deterrence is the lot that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never recur their criminal acts (Siegel, 2011). Basically with the theory of specific deterrence you have the opinion that a very high punishment or long cast aside sentence would keep a criminal from repeating their crime. Some times this can backfire though where the worse the punishment the more the criminal wants to commit the crime. This can be caused by the criminal wanting to show how big and bad they are and that the judicial system did not win. I think that the criminal judicial system produces more general deterrence than specific deterrence because we see more people that are deterred out-of-door from crime because of the perception that they have of the punishment that t hey will receive than we have people that dont drink and drive because of a fine and a crushed time spent in jail. If the punishments were higher for drinking and driving and then I think we would have more specific deterrence than we do.Social disorganization theory links crime rates to neighborhood bionomical characteristics. Identify and discuss these characteristics and explain how/why they lead to crime. Use social disorganization theory to explain why there are more robberies in battle of Atlanta, GA compared to Kennesaw, GA.The characteristics of the social disorganization theory are poverty, social/community disorganization, breakdown of traditional values, criminal areas, cultural transmission and criminal careers. Poverty can lead to crime in the neighborhoods that have a poverty concentration effect occur due to the midriff secernate leaving and only the poorer residents remain. Our textbook states that, urban areas marked by laborious poverty become isolated and in sulated from the social mainstream and more prone to criminal activity (Siegel, 2011). In an area where you have white flight occur the people that are left have a harder time property gangs and violence under control due to their limited resources. Social/ corporation disorganization occurs when you have a lack of informal social control. When the families in these communities have a hard time keeping their kids under control and away from delinquent behavior this in turn causes crime to occur. When a breakdown of traditional values occurs the youth feel detached from their communities this leaves them more open to be recruited by the neighborhood bad guys and this leads to gang being formed and therefore crime being done in the neighborhood. heathen transmission occurs when you have community fear. In neighborhoods that have teenagers that are getting into trouble a lot and a lot of empty stores the residents of these neighborhoods become fearful that they will become a victim o f crime and this causes them to detract from their neighborhood. This fear is then passed on to the younger generation. According to our textbook the crime rates are elevated in highly transient, mixed-use and changing neighborhoods in which the fabric of social life has become frayed (Siegel, 2011). Atlanta is more of a mixed used society than Kennesaw and with the bigger businesses in Atlanta they have more people moving in and out of the city for work that is constantly changing the different neighborhoods in Atlanta. Kennesaw does not have the big corporate offices and therefore does not have the change of the neighborhoods and appears to be more stable than Atlanta. Atlanta is unable to provide the basic go to all of its residents and where you have a lot of people unemployed and homeless with a lot of time on their hands you usually have a high crime rate. You see more homeless people in Atlanta than you do Kennesaw. Also you have the concentration effect going on in Atlanta where a lot of the middle class have left the city leaving the disadvantaged citizens in the city. Kennesaw does not seem to have the concentration effect that we see in Atlanta. When you have a poverty concentration you see more criminal activity and a higher rate of robberies.SourceSiegel, L. J. (2011). Criminology, the core. (4th ed.). Belmont, CA Wadsworth pub Co.

Bacteria on Stainless Steel Surfaces | Experiment

bacteria on Stainless Steel Surfaces ExperimentThe attachment of bacteria on nutrition affect draw closes and in the environment so-and-so ca employment la disco biscuitt spread over- pollution, which earth-closet lead to pabulum spoilage, possible feed safety cites, and start destruction. aliment come to nears used for nutriment handling, storage or processing be disciplines where microbic taint commonly occurs. Even with proper cleanup spot and sanitation regimes or practices in place, bacteria can remain affiliated to the come to the fores and this attachment can lead to biofilm formation. The purpose of this study was to find out the social movement of pathogenic microorganism in a food processing atomic number 18a and to evaluate the effect of the alter procedure on the microbial commove in the food processing area. x replicate food shock scratchs were heared unblemished marque, marble and timberlandland, with contiguous areas being sample d forwards and by and bywards make clean. The test draw nears were analyzed with a mop up method in the lead and aft(prenominal)wards(prenominal) the modify acquaint. The forces of these studies indicate that troika of ten untarnished trade name step to the fore were begrime in the lead make clean and no surface was pollute by and by cleanup position. Furthermore, three out of ten marble surfaces were contaminated forward make clean and single surface was contaminated later on killing. sise of ten wood surfaces were heavily contaminated originally cleanup spot and three surfaces were contaminated after modify. The difficulty in cleanup was related to the amount of surface constipation and it is best to avoid this type of surface. Hypochlorite ancestor that was used for change the surfaces in this study was considered to be effective against the foodborne pathogens tested. This study has highlighted the fact that pathogens remain execu panel on ju iceless home runless steel surfaces and present a contamination hazard for considerable periods of time, dependent on the contamination take aims and type of pathogen.Keywords Microorganisms natural selection Cross-contamination Food have-to doe with surfaceInt magnetic poleuctionFood clashing surfaces are the chief denizen of biofilm that can host potenti totallyy harmful microorganisms. This, therefore, is a prominent phenomenon in food processing plants owing to dregs and residues of all sorts chemical, biological, organic, and/or inorganic -which build up on the surfaces of equipments that whitethorn claim in contact with food (Mafu et al. 2010). The presence of these undesirable microorganisms to the material surfaces is a source of concern, as this can depart in food cross-contamination, direct to food insobriety. Under favourable circumstances (temperature, pH, relative humidity), pathogenic microorganisms are able to survive and/or replicate on a too large scale w ithin the biofilm. In domestic kitchens and food processing industries, foodborne affection can turn out from incorrect storage of foods, smashicularly with respect to temperature, contamination of raw or cooked foods in the first place consumption, by contact with other foods or utensils (food contact surfaces ) carrying pathogens, and inadequate cleanup spot procedures that may not see have sex removal of microorganisms (Teixeira et al. 2007).In food processing industries, food contact surfaces, such(prenominal) as innoxious steel, marble and wood may create an change environment for the natural selection of the microorganism, starring(p) to serious hygienic problems. Furthermore, dead ends, corners, joints, valves and every other hard-to-reach places are the most appropriate areas for the presence of bacteria. (Peng et al. 2001).The value of support and disinfection processes in food processing industries depends, to a large extent, on the flesh and maintenance progra mmes adopted by the company.Lack of efficacy in cleaning procedures may allow persistence and survival of pathogens in foods owing to their legitimate adherence to food contact surfaces. This may lead to transfer of microorganisms from nation, objects or contaminated food to other food or material, hence leading to cross-contamination. People can, in umpteen ways, be a source of cross-contamination to foods (Holah and Thorpe, 1990).Food can be contaminated when it is handled, so it is very important that people who may be carrying or suffering from certain diseases do not handle food. Contamination can also be passed from equipment when contacting food. It particularally happens when utensils or equipment are not efficiently cleaned and sanitized between each use and may lead to development of biofilm, creating favourable conditions for the survival of the pathogens. Contamination from food to food occurs mainly when raw foods come into contact with cooked or brisk foods (Montv ille et al. 2001).The persistent presence of microorganisms in food processing factories, specifically on food contact surfaces despite deliberate efforts to combat the phenomenon, poses huge challenges to the company. It trends the addition margins of the industries due to the increased cost incurred in the attempts to adopt advanced cleaning services and programmes. A potential effect of the presence of microorganisms on food surfaces is food poisoning. Occurrence of food poisoning depart mean great pervert to the image of the company and persistent stress on the part of the management, thus derailing the progress of the company.Cross contamination is also becoming a common problem both in the kitchen setting and in industry. carry of resistant pathogens and microorganisms across and a enlarge these food p roducers through various(a) agents and factors that circulate and carry the pathogens is a health hazard. Studies show that the level of contamination varies depending o n the duplication and the rate of material handling that occurs in the factory. In this context, therefore, workers hands, utensils and the blanket(a) extension of all food contact surfaces contribute to in cross contamination (Zhao et al. 1998).A thorough examination of the whole concept of microbial survival and persistence on food contact surfaces despite common cleaning procedures and revised designs of the food contact surfaces (such as textural properties, maintained good surface hydrophobicity) will reveal that more detailed analysis and studies should be focused on the factors that create an enabling environment for the persistent counterpunch and presence of the foodborne pathogens in the food processing industries and kitchen setting (Scott and Bloomfield, 1990). The study of various relevant properties for the microbial adhesion process has been another imperative finishing of this study and the purpose behind it is to obtain a broader knowledge bagful of the mechan isms of bacterial adhesion to food contact surfaces so as to muse strategies for its control.The objective of this study is to identify the microorganisms that can survive in the food contact surface, such as stainless steel, marble and wood, change surface after cleaning procedures, thus increasing the risk of food cross-contamination. The study will focus on microorganisms that survive in the food processing areas even after the cleaning procedure. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria adhere to inert surfaces they may exhibit a greater scale of resistance to chemical or ordinary cleaning and fumigating agents (Barnes et al. 1999). The concept of cross contamination is of major concern in the food processing industries that constitute a threat to homophile health because they cause most food borne illness outbreaks. Food poisoning is one of the consequences of adherence of microorganisms to food contact surfaces (Sattar et al. 2001).Materials and MethodsPremisesIn assure to assess the microbiological safety of a food processing area in Oman, three types of food contact surfaces were studied Stainless steel, marble and wood. Ten surfaces of each of the three types were tested, with the adjacent areas of each one being sampled onward and after cleaning. This study was performed randomly in nineteen selected Army camps kitchen.selective information analysisSwabs were taken from the food processing area within the proud Army camps kitchen and sent to the food microbiology laboratory of the environmental of health unit for analysis. The swabs were each tested for pathogenic bacteria linked with food and coliforms that can survive on the surface of food conceptualisation areas in advance and after cleaning. The crustal plates were read for the number of colonies of pathogenic bacteria and coliforms. A Phoenix railroad car was used to identify the bacteria and readings were taken directly from the Phoenix political machine. A Phoenix is automated microbiology s ystem is intended to provide rapid recognition events for most aerobic and facultative anaerobic gibibyte confirmative bacteria as well as most aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram negative bacteria. The designation of the Phoeonix panal uses a series of conventional, chromogenic and fluorogenic biochemical tests to identify the organism. The growth-based and enzymatic substrates are employed to cover the different types of reactivity among the diverge of taxa. The tests are based on the use of bacteria and declivity of specific substrates sight by different indicator systems. Acid production is indicated by a change in phenol red indicator when an confiscate is able to utilize a carbohydrate substrate. A yellow twist is produce by Chromogenic substrates upon enzymatic hydrolysis and the enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorogenic substrates go aways in the release of a fluorescent coumarin derivation. Organisms that utilize a specific carbon source reduce the resazurine based indicator. These solutions were recorded and the log reduction was calculated for each plate at each dilution rate after and in front cleaning of the surface (BD Phoenix, 2007). ingest methods and microbiological examination (Before Cleaning)Tests using the swab method were carried out on surfaces contaminated with food borne pathogens in a food processing area. Tubes containing 10 ml of sterile buffered peptone saline solution were used to wet the swabs preceding to sampling. Cotton swabs were removed from their sterile packaging and were held by the stick composition they were moistened with buffered peptone saline solution, the excess broth was returned into the bottle. All surfaces were nimble in sizes of 20 x 20 cm2 for survival experiments. The swabs were rotated while in contact with the food preparation surface. subsequently the defined area was swabbed, the swab was returned to the test tube containing the buffered peptone saline solution to dislodge the bacteria. se ries dilutions of the swab solutions were prepared and duplicate pour plates were prepared for each dilution using nutrient nutrient nutrient nutrient agar-agar-agar, MacConkey agar and riptide agar. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37oC.Sampling methods and microbiological examination (After Cleaning)The surfaces were washed with earnest water and chemical detergent and indeed rinsed with hot water. Then the surfaces (stainless steel, marble, and wood) were disinfected with 5.25% of hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes. The surfaces were allowed to teetotal before sampling. The swabbing method used was as above. Duplicate pour plates were prepared for each dilution using nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and crinkle agar. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37oC.Sampling methods and microbiological examination (Control) just about of the food borne pathogen strains used as a control for these experiments on the surfaces (stainless steel, marble, and wood), such as staphylococci aureus and Escherichia coli were obtained from the Armed Forces Hospital Laboratory. For their control strains a clean stainless steel table without tiny groove was prepared as the food contact surface because it can be fabricated with a fine-tune cleanable finish. The table also was disinfected with 5.25 % of hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes. The surface was then washed with hot water, with chemical detergent and rinsed with hot water. The surface was allowed to dry before sampling. The test suspensions were prepared by making serial dilutions of the microorganisms in peptone saline solution. Two different levels of contamination were prepared high contamination (approximately 106 dependency forming units (CFU)/ deoxycytidine monophosphate cm2) and low contamination (approximately 103 CFU/ hundred cm2), obtained by scatter 1 ml of an appropriate solution on a surface of 20 x 20 cm2 over the grid reference table. The table was allowed to dry for 15 minutes t o represent the environment of food preparation area. Selective agar media were used for the enumeration of pathogens Blood agar for Staphylococcus aureus, incubated for 24 hours at 37oC and MacConkey agar for Escherichia coli incubated for 18 24 hours at 37oC. Furthermore, the personal effects of deuce different contamination levels on the survival of pathogens on dry stainless steel surfaces for 24 hours at room temperature were investigated.Resultmicrobic survival on food contact surface (stainless steel surface) evade 1 The Colony descriptions of the microbial survival on stainless steel surface prorogue 1 shows the Colony descriptions military issue of the microorganisms isolated from stainless steel surface. Three of ten stainless steel surface were contaminated with bacteria before cleaning. defer 2 The resolution count of the microbial survival on stainless steel ingest no(prenominal)Serial ten-fold dilutions in deionised water diluentscolony count (CFU ml-1) before clean ingcolony count (CFU ml-1) After cleaning23.2 x 102bacteria non notice62.6 x 102 bacterium not observe94.3 x 102bacteria no(prenominal) detect delay 2 shows the allow of the colony count obtained before and after cleaning of the stainless steel surface.Table 3 Gram stain result of the microbial survival on stainless steel surface exemplar no(prenominal)2Gram stain resultGram negative, rod term audition no6Gram stain resultGram positive cocci prototype No.9Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeTable 3 show the result of the Gram stain of bacteria that were isolated from the stainless steel surface before and after the cleaning symbolize. exemplar No.2 ensample No. In phoenix machine344Name of bacteria find before cleaningKlebsiella aerogenesName of Bacteria spy After cleaningnot detect ensample No.6 savour No. In phoenix machine367Name of Bacteria detected before cleaningStaphlococcus aureusName of Bacteria detected After cleaning non detected take in No.9 savour No. I n phoenix machine382Name of Bacteria detected before cleaningKlebsiella aerogenesName of Bacteria detected After cleaningNot detectedTable 4 The Identification of bacteria by phoenix machine that survived on the stainless steel surface before the cleaning stageTable 4 show the result of bacterial identification that obtained by phoenix machine which was isolated from stainless steel surface before and after the cleaning stage.Microbial survival in food contact surface (Marble surface)Table 5 The Colony descriptions of the microbial survival on marble surface ingest of location No.1 nutritious agarNo ingatheringMacConkey agarNo step-upBlood agarNo ontogenesisSample of location No.2 food agarNo growthMacConkey agarNo emersionBlood agarNo processSample of location No.3 nutrient agarNo step-upMacConkey agar bump in glossiness, mucoidBlood agarwhite, large and mucous coloniesSample of location No.4Nutrient agarNo fruitMacConkey agarNo exploitationBlood agarNo GrowthSample of lo cation No.5Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarsmooth, round, grayish-white coloniesSample of location No.6Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample of location No.7Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample of location No.8Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample of location No.9Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample of location No.10Nutrient agarSmall circular colonies, yellow in colourMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarswarming motilityTable 5 shows the colony descriptions result of the microorganisms isolated from the marble surface. Three of ten marble surfaces remained contaminated with bacteria before and after cleaning.Table 6 The colony count of the microbial survival on marble surfaceSerial dilutions in deionised water diluentscolony count (CFU ml-1) before cleaningcolony count (CFU ml-1) After cleaningSample No.3*TFTCBacteria Not Detecte dSample No.55.1 x 102Bacteria Not DetectedSample No.10TMTCTMTC*TFTC alike Few To Count TMTC Too Many To CountTable 6 shows the result of the colony count obtained before and after cleaning stage of marble surface.Table 7 Gram stain result of the microbial survival on marble surfaceSample No.3Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeSample No.5Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeSample No.10Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeTable 7 show the result of the Gram stain of bacteria that was isolated from the marble surface before and after the cleaning stage.Table 8 The Identification of bacteria by phoenix machine that survived on the marble surface before the cleaning stageSample No.3Sample No. In phoenix machine301 MarbleName of Bacteria detected before cleaningKlebsiella pneumoniaName of Bacteria detected After cleaningNot DetectedSample No.5Sample No. In phoenix machine326 MarbleName of Bacteria detected before cleaningYersinia enterocoliticaName of Bacteria detected Aft er cleaningNot DetectedSample No.10Sample No. In phoenix machine381 MarbleName of Bacteria detected before cleaningProteus vulgarisName of Bacteria detected After cleaningProteus vulgarisTable 8 show the result of bacterial identification that obtained by phoenix machine which was isolated from marble surface before and after the cleaning stage.Microbial survival in food contact surface ( forest surface)Table 9 The Colony descriptions of the microbial survival on wood surfaceSample location No.1Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNon-lactose fermenters coloniesBlood agarWhite, non hemolytic coloniesSample location No.2Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample location No.3Nutrient agarsmooth, unmistakable large colonies , greenish blue growth and pigment diffuses into averageMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarlarge brown coloniesSample location No.4Nutrient agarWhite, smooth, round coloniesMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample location No.5Nu trient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample location No.6Nutrient agarCircular, smooth, opaque coloniesMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarswarming motilitySample location No.7Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthSample location No.8Nutrient agarsmooth, translucent large colonies , greenish blue growth and pigment diffuses into mediumMacConkey agarslight pink coloniesBlood agarlarge brownish coloniesSample location No.9Nutrient agarsmooth, translucent large colonies , greenish blue growth and pigment diffuses into mediumMacConkey agarslight pink coloniesBlood agarNo GrowthSample location No.10Nutrient agarNo GrowthMacConkey agarNo GrowthBlood agarNo GrowthTable 9 shows the colony descriptions result of the microorganisms isolated from the wood surface. Six of ten wood surfaces remained contaminated with bacteria before and after cleaning.Table 10 The colony count of the microbial survival on wood surfaceSample No.Serial ten-fold dilu tions in deionised water diluentscolony count (CFU ml-1) before cleaningcolony count (CFU ml-1) After cleaningSample No.16.4 x 102Bacteria Not DetectedSample No.35.3 x 102Bacteria Not DetectedSample No.42.7 x 102Bacteria Not DetectedSample No.6TMTCTMTCSample No.81.67 x 1032.9 x 102Sample No.99.3 x 1023.6 x 102Table 10 shows the result of the colony count obtained before and after cleaning stage of wood surface.Table 11 Gram stain result of the microbial survival on wood surfaceSample No.1Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeSample No.3Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeSample No.4Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeSample No.6Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeSample No.8Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeSample No.9Gram stain resultGram negative, rod shapeTable 11 show the result of the Gram stain of bacteria that was isolated from the wood surface before and after the cleaning stage.Table 12 The Identification of bacteria by phoenix machine that survived on wood surface before the cleaning stageSample No.1Sample No. In phoenix machine86 woodName of Bacteria detected before cleaningAcinetobacter baumanniiName of Bacteria detected after cleaningNot DetectedSample No.3Sample No. In phoenix machine301 woodName of Bacteria detected before cleaningPseudomonas sppName of Bacteria detected after cleaningNot DetectedSample No.4Sample No. In phoenix machine326 woodName of Bacteria detected before cleaningEnterobacter hafinae alveiName of Bacteria detected after cleaningNot DetectedSample No.6Sample No. In phoenix machine342 woodName of Bacteria detected before cleaningProteus vulgarisName of Bacteria detected after cleaningProteus vulgarisSample No.8Sample No. In phoenix machine369 woodName of Bacteria detected before cleaningPseudomonas aeruginosaName of Bacteria detected after cleaningPseudomonas aeruginosaSample No.9Sample No. In phoenix machine385 woodName of Bacteria detected before cleaningPseudomonas aeruginosaName of Bacteria detecte d after cleaningPseudomonas aeruginosaTable 12 shows the result of bacterial identification that obtained by phoenix machine which was isolated from wood surface before and after the cleaning stage.ControlTable 13 extract of Staph aureus and E.coli on stainless steel surfacesStaphylococcus aureusEscherichia coliTime of swab process after contaminationHigh contamination level (106 colony)CFU/100 cm2Low contamination level (103 colony)CFU/100 cm2High contamination level (106 colony)CFU/100 cm2Low contamination level (103 colony)CFU/100 cm2After 15 minute2.0 x 1071.0 x 1041.6 x 1075.2 x 103After 2 Hours1.73 x 1079.1 x 1038.3 x 1061.8 x 103After 6 Hours1.3 x 1073.8 x 1032.1 x 106No growthAfter 12 Hours5.8 x 106No GrowthNo GrowthNo growthAfter 24 HoursNo growthNo GrowthNo GrowthNo growthTable 13 shows the survival of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on stainless steel surfaces at room temperature (25oC) for 24 hours at two contamination level high contamination level of (106 c olony CFU/100 cm2) and Low contamination level (103 colony CFU/100 cm2).DiscussionSampling food contact surfaces is a complex problem, and the results depend on many factors, including the type of surface, the cleaning solution, the sources of contamination, and the temperature. The accuracy and reproducibility of all sampling methods are reduced when the numbers of bacteria on the surface are low. Some differences between methods are probably due to an uneven distribution of bacteria on the surface. The type of surface markedly influenced the cleaning results. For this study, nineteen selected set forth were tested/studied (Ten replicate surfaces were tested stainless steel, marble and wood, with adjacent areas being sampled before and after cleaning). The results of these studies indicate that three of ten stainless steel surfaces were contaminated before cleaning the surfaces and no surface was contaminated after cleaning, which means that stainless steel surfaces were more goo d cleaned. Furthermore, three out of ten marble surfaces were contaminated before cleaning and one surface was contaminated after cleaning the surfaces, which means marble surfaces were easily cleaned but using the wrong cleaning products and the wrong cleaning techniques can damage the marble because marble is a calcium-based natural stone which is super sensitive to acidic materials (Marble Institute of America, 2012). Stainless steel resists impact damage but is vulnerable to corrosion, while marble surfaces are prone to deterioration and may develop surface cracks where bacteria can accumulate (Leclercq and Lalande, 1994). Wood surfaces were particularly diffi

Overview Of Domestic Violence Criminology Essay

Overview Of Domestic forcefulness Criminology EssayDomestic violence, besides known as domesticated insult, e bridal treat, or intimate furnish violence, is any threatening behaviour, violence, or ill-usage amid adults who be or bring been in a kinship (Saunders Barron, 2004). HM Prison Service has employed the following definition of DV Actual, attempted, or threatened physical harm perpetrated by a man or woman against someone with whom he or she has, or has had, an intimate, knowledgeable relationship (Kropp, Hart, Webster, Eaves, 1999). Psychological abomination has non been included in this definition because of the complexities surround this term. However, as other theories include this form of ill-usage, it will be discussed within this review. Domestic abuse accounts for 14% of all red crimes and has more accept victims than any other offence. Repeat victimisation accounts for two-thirds of domestic abuse incidents, and a fifth of victims have been abuse d on three occasions or more (Walker, Flatley, Kershaw, Moon, 2009).Spousal abuse takes place throughout rules of order, regardless of gender, age, sexuality, race, location, or affluence however, victims of domestic storm argon more probable to be women (National Crime Victimization Survey, 2007). Children can also be severely change by what they retrieve and a great deal show the richlyest levels of behavioural and emotional whirl (OKeefe, 1994). In addition, they may be accidentally injured due to macrocosm embroiled in the violence perpetrated towards their get down, they could be subjected to intentional abuse by the male perpetrator, or they may receive physical abuse from their over-stressed mother (Abrahams, 1994). Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between child abuse and DV, in that those who argon abused as children ar more likely to become perpetrators of abuse as adults (Walby Allen, 2004).DV can be psychological, physical, or sexual (Department of Health, 2005). Psychological abuse can include isolation from loved ones, blackjack of harm to others if they should convey contentment or self-sufficiency, humiliation, learnling what they can and cannot do, refuse information from them, restricting their finances and access to resources, or belittling them and making them feel embarrassed. Physical abuse involves contact with the intention of causing injury, pain, or intimidation (Shipway, 2004).Sexual abuse is prevalent in assaultive relationships with between a third and half of abused women being raped by their participators on at least one occasion (Myhill Allen, 2002). Sexual assault is considered to be any occasion during which force is used to acquire date in unwanted, degrading, or unsafe, sexual activity. Women who argon assaulted both sexually and physically are also at increased pretend of being poorly or fatally injured (Stark Flitcraft, 1996). Regardless of the form of abuse, it often occurs on more than one occasion. DV is generally a pattern of controlling and scurrilous behaviour, which a perpetrator uses to gain power over a partner (Walby, 2004).A represent of studies, which follow, have examined the physical and emotional consequences of being subjected to abuse by an intimate partner. The female victims of male partner violence often experience psychological difficulties (Foa, Cascardi, Zoellner Feeny, 2000) including features of trauma (Kemp, Green, Hovanitz Rawlings, 1995). They struggle with issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as self-confidence (Aguilar Nightingale, 1994), stress and depression (Campbell Lewandowski, 1997) and employment (National Research Council, 1996).Theories of DVThere are many theories which attempt to explain DV. These are discussed below, along with an overview of the Healthy Relationships Programme (HRP) and its a priori basisAccording to psychodynamic speculation, due to an ordeal from puerility, or a record disorder, some people are pro ne to violence. Therefore, their abusive behaviour is a symptom of a deep-seated psychological problem. Consequently, it claims that the issue of DV should be turn to by identifying the subconscious problem, then consciously remedying it (Saunders, 1996). Critics of psychodynamic theory argue that this hardly allots a label to perpetrators of DV, which permits them to remain abusive until their emotional issues are managed (Healey, smith OSullivan, 1998).According to Pro-Feminist theory, male to female DV is due to the patriarchal organisation of society where the male is viewed as the head of the family and other favorable institutions. As a result of this, perpetrators often believe that they are permitted to control the actions of their partner. Should their authority be threatened, they respond with violence in order to regain control, whilst holding the doctrine that their behaviour is warranted (Healey et al, 1998). Using data from the USA, Yllo and Straus (1990) examine d the association between spousal abuse and patriarchy. They discovered that American states which gave women the highest and lowest standing in society had greater incidents of female intimate partner abuse. They claimed that states where females had high standing and spousal abuse figures were increased, was due to mens perception that their masculinity is threatened. Conversely, in states where women had low standing and spousal abuse figures were high, this was felt to denote patriarchal norms. This theory has been criticised by Dutton (1994) for over-emphasising socio-cultural factors, whilst excluding man-to-man factors. In addition, he argued that their explanation of DV was insufficient.Cognitive-behavioural theory proposes that DV is due to the re-enactment of abuse from childhood experiences or media influence, and that assaultive behaviour is rewarded. It further claims that through abuse, the perpetrator succeeds in obtaining what he wants, which is strengthened through acquiescence on the part of the victim (Hamill, Hayward, Wynn Craven, 1997).Family systems theory argues that behavioural problems derive from a dysfunctional family, where everybody is responsible for conflict. Consequently, DV is a result of intimate partners interacting together therefore, neither is classed as the abuser, regardless of whether unaccompanied one of them displays physical violence (Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy Sugarman, 1996). Both Pro-Feminist and Cognitive-Behavioural approaches criticise this approach by swearing that DV does not involve joint responsibility, perpetrators are entirely responsible for their behaviour, victims are in no way to blame for the abuse they experience, and nobody provokes violence. They maintain that this approach encourages victim blaming (Browne, 1993).Disempowerment theory states that men who have low self-assertion or perceive themselves as being inadequate are at risk of using violence to assert power (Archer, 1994). Consequen tly, they redress this by attempting to control those they are threatened by (Gondolf, Fisher, Fisher McPherson, 1988). This theory states that individualist traits, such(prenominal) as self esteem and psychological symptoms, increase risk of DV based on face-to-faceity-oriented factors, such as hamper style. Family of origin factors, such as violence in the home and child abuse, occur during developmental years, and provide conflict resolution for the children as adults. Relationship characteristics, such as partner satisfaction and emotional dependency, can place a person at risk of being domestically abusive (McKenry, Serovich, Mason, Mosack, 2006).Attachment theory claims that DV is a result of anger due to desires that are not fulfilled. Bartholomew Horowitz (1991) positive a four-category model of attachment, which is now widely used in the query of domestic abuse. This includes a secure attachment style, displayed as an ease with license and closeness fearful, such as those who are socially avoidant dismissing, those who rebuff attachment and preoccupied, such as overly dependent and ambivalent types. Fearful and dismissing styles are typified by high attachment avoidance, or discomfort with intimacy associated with a contradict other model. Preoccupied and fearful styles are typified by high attachment anxiety, or a fear of abandonment and rejection associated with a negative self model (Corcoran Mallinckrodt, 2000).The theory which underpins the HRP, Duttons (1995) nested ecological approach, incorporates varied aspects of abusive attitudes and behaviour. It explains DV as multi-determined, victorious into account the interpersonal context and the characteristics of the abuser. Consequently, this then provides clinical tutelage to address DV. The model is composed of four levels which all have an topic on each other. The first is the culture, know as the Macrosystem beliefs which stem from ones culture, such as a womens place is in the home second is the subculture, Exosystem contact social structures, such as the influence of peers third is the family, Microsystem immediate environment, such as the issues that led to the abusive behaviour, and the effects of it and finally, the individual, Ontogenetic level personal traits, such as learned habits. The Macrosystem incorporates societal and cultural values and beliefs and also has an influence on the Exosystem, Microsystem and Ontogenetic level.Theories underpinning different offending behaviour political platforms have received criticism for their uni-dimensional approach. Consequently, the nested ecological model addresses this by integrating the miscellaneous facets of abusive attitudes and behaviour. The HRP is based on this model of change and includes elements from the Power and temper tramp (Pence Paymer, 1986), so that perpetrators abusive behaviours can be identified and challenged. The wheel demonstrates how violence is connected to male power a nd control. According to this model, the abuser maintains control over his partner through constant acts of coercion, intimidation and isolation interspersed with occasional acts of violence (Healey et al, 1998). The nested ecological model also supports the cognitive-behavioural give-and-take approach to treatment (e.g., Andrews and Bonta, 1998).Evidence to support Duttons (1995) nested ecological model is provided by OLeary, Smith-Slep OLeary (2007) and Stith, Smith, Penn, Ward Tritt (2004) who revealed how numerous features of the different ecological levels function with each other to predict DV. OLeary et al stated that causal variables for male to female DV included the amount of social support the perpetrator felt they had, expression of anger, and being a witness to family violence. This shoot emphasises the importance of using an integrated approach from a range of viewpoints to research DV, in particular from ontogenetic and psychological perspectives. The Stith et al study reported that factors associated less with DV are those which are the furthest from the violent act, such as those linked to the exosystem. Conversely, when attempting to understand DV, the features that are most directly associated with the violent context and the individual are most significant. However, a limitation with this conclusion is that Stith et al did not consider issues that are relevant to the wider society and culture.A single-factor explanation of DV has been criticised for considering perpetrators to be an homogenous set of people and not taking into account the different individual features of the offenders and their use of violence (Graham-Kevan, 2007). Furthermore, it does not enlighten why some men are abusive towards their partners, whilst others are not (Dutton, 1995).How the Healthy Relationships Programme addresses Domestic ViolenceThe HRP is a cognitive behavioural intervention that targets moderate to high-risk adult male offenders of intimate par tner violence or homicide. The High Intensity HRP has 10 modules containing 62 separate sessions, with the option of adding more, and are delivered at a rate of 3-4 per week. There are also a minimum of 10 individual sessions throughout the programme.The goals of the HRP are to reduce the risk of physical and psychological abuse against intimate partners and their children by men who are lively imprisoned. Skills are taught to assist with this, and to establish healthy, non-abusive relationships. The programme deals with attitudes supportive of spousal assault, and provides group members with the skills to change the way in which they expatriate abusively in their intimate relationships. It is anticipated that the programme will cheat perpetrators with multiple criminogenic needs and a long-standing pattern of abusive behaviour.Both current and past partners of participants are contacted during the programme. They are cautioned that the perpetrators attendance is not an assuranc e that he will no longer be violent or abusive. Partners are advised of treatment resources available in their community, and offered a victims package to check over safety. They are also provided with support and general information about domestic abuse.

Service Recovery And Failure In Air Line Industry

usefulness Recoery And Failure In Air Line Indus elbow grease returns convalescence has go forn over the whole universe of discourse by storm. tidy sum hear the word attend convalescence and straightforward trial over and over again. In the globalized world as people know it, the world operatems to be getting sm tout ensembleer and yet it is expanding, the world is developing. In random vari able-bodiedation tail travel fast and easily, boundaries argon cosmos reduced gradu all(prenominal)y. This not only if happen in the world generally but alike in the business world specifically. By looking at this arising phenomenon, utility recovery of companies in the management of business is getting more(prenominal) and more Coperni jackpotful for production line atmosphere companies who are trying to explore the global market. The institutionalizeline companies meet to come up with the right strategy for different market in different countries. Without a good stra tegy in armed assist recovery and the fashion how to finalise tutelages and rootd hassles which called aid ill fortune, the sortline companies renounce flub in the transnational market. While on the other hand, if an transportline attach to has a good advantage recovery and can work upd benefit bankruptcy, it give achieve success.The disseminatelines exertion involves a high degree of inter follow up between employees and consumers and so provides galore(postnominal) opportunities for helper failures to occur. The quality of attend encounters is a great take away determined by the action of front-line faculty, whose experience and commitment may be limited and whose attitude may vary from one encounter to another. The inseparability of output and consumption means that failures occur at the point of consumption, providing little circumstance for correction without inconveniencing the passengers. However, failures, errors, mistakes, and complaints ca n condescendly happen in the process of gain spoken language. A poor helping or a run failure will result in dis felicity and this in turn will incite a variety of responses which may complicate complaining, negative grape and decisions not to repurchase. If it is impossible to avoid dish failures and dis rejoicing, then it becomes more and more authorised for organizations to examine how to manage such occurrences and minimize their adverse effects. There is a maturation bole of evidence to suggest that effective service recovery will generate a range of positive passengers responses with complaint handling being seen as a key element in service recovery. This explore theme an overview of existing research relating to service failure, service recovery in blood linelines industry.The Emirates air passages was founded in 1985, but it didnt start to convey up on Americans radiolocation until 2005, when they began service to New Yorks JFK. They are the fastest-growing airline in the world, and today Emirates has a fleet of 138 aircraft and serves over 100 destinations in 61 countries across sextet continents. Their North American gateways are New York, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul. Their hub is Dubai (DXB), which is now the 15th busiest airdrome in the world by passenger traffic (40.9 million passengers in 2009).Literature review proceeds recovery and service failure in air line industryThe service recovery and the service failure may directly influence each other. Generally, the service recovery in airline industry is concerned with the process of addressing service failures, which can be happened in that magazine when is the flight on the plane or before flight more specifically, service recovery can be legal opinion of as being concerned with the productive handling of complaints and includes all actions taken by a service provider in state to try to resolve the problem a passenger has with their organization. It is generally recognized that complaints are essential to institute a recovery effort. Without complaints, a firm may be unaware that problems exist and unable to appease unhappy passengers.Ennew and Schoefer (2006) express that basic of service recovery strategy, which the model is used in airline industry as well, can be classified as exculpation A first person defense rather than a incorporate apology, and one which also acknowledges that a failure has occurred. Urgent reinstatement Speed of action coupled with a gallant attempt to put things right eventide if it is not possible to correct the situation. Empathy A sincere expression of ol divisory perception for the passengers plight. Symbolic atonement A form of compensation that might include not charging for the service or offering future services forgive or discounted. Follow-up An after-recovery call to ascertain that the consumer is satisfied with the recovery process.That service recovery also includes situations where the passenger has no t expressed a complaint but the provider has recognized the failure and initiated a recovery procedure. Service recovery in airline industry refers to steps that are think to identify and correct service failure. According Kuenzel, S and Katsaris, N, (2009), the necessity for service recovery is brought more or less by service failure. Service failure is be as those situations when the service fails to live up to the passengers expectations or any service-related mishaps or problems that occur during a consumers experience of the firm. Service failure situations are oddly inevitable in the airline industry due to the people factor nature of services, the high level of contact between employees and passengers due to the increasingly high demand of todays passengers.As one of the service industries, the airlines industry involves a high degree of personal interaction between faculty, which are functional in air phoner and passengers miscommunication can lead to service failure. Responding effectively to consumer complaints can have a significant impact on satisfaction repurchase intentions and the spread of word-of-mouth. However, in roam to understand how best to deal with service failure and how best to handle complaints, it is essential to understand the way in which consumers react to service failure and how they respond to different approaches to service recovery. The service recovery in Emirates skyway Company, which is defined as all those actions taken by a service provider in order to try to resolve the problem that caused the service failure, aims not only to resolve the problems in order to minimize negative outcomes and retain passengers who are favour this air caller, but also to seek out and deal with service failures. After all, a good recovery, as well as cut passengers negative emotions, also tries to increase the positive ones. While service recoverys speciality depends on several parameters, excellent recovery tactics can leave t hose passengers who experienced a service failure followed by undefeated service recovery with greater satisfaction than those who did not experience a service failure incident at all.However service recoverys major grandness is owed to the fact that it affects passenger satisfaction and, as a consequence, passenger devotion. Furthermore, a number of findings have shown that satisfaction with the service recovery directly affects a passengers intention to repurchase and to recommend the service provider. These relationships constitute the vital reasons wherefore providers pay so much attention to service recovery because in financial terms loyal passengers can increase profits. (Kuenzel, S and Katsaris, N, 2009). The Emirates air hose Company believes that satisfaction plays a key role in the service industry and especially in the airline industry. As the airline industry has evolved, Emirates air passage has made great strides to define and understand satisfaction from the con sumers perspective. The furiousness to comprehend what truly creates satisfied passengers has lead to an ever increasing body of literature surrounding satisfaction, how service providers create satisfied passengers and the effects that satisfaction has on businesses today. Competitive environment analysis is the factors which influence the air partys fight in the market. It enables the airline alliance to understand its current competitors.The Emirates Airline, as air social club is defined that the intimately important part in the observe of service recovery and failure are consisted of headmaster staff which can be opened in a time for solution problems with passengers, alter passenger satisfaction, minimizing negatives emotions and making commitment decisions for complaints.MethodologyService recovery and service failure in Emirates Airline CompanyFor the past several years, umpteen air line companies executives have ascribed to the widely circulated notion that a f ortified problem-recovery process is the key to enhancing passenger commitment. Some claim to possess statistics that show a higher intent to return among passengers who experienced a problem followed by excellent resolution, compared to passengers who had a problem-free flight. The Emirates Airline has out finished their rivals British Airways, Korean Airline and Delta Airline in a service quality report. This airline company is analyses the passenger experience from flight booking all the way by dint of to check-in, luggage drop, boarding, plane conditions, in flight services such as food and beverage, entertainment and shopping, right through to disembarkation and final baggage claim. The Emirates Airline known that the service recovery builds passenger loyalty that brings passenger back from the brink of defection is putting a smile on a passengers face. A poor service recovery in construction of organization will result in dissatisfaction and this in turn will prompt a var iety of responses which may include complaints, negative word-of-mouth and decisions not to repurchase. The effective service recovery will generate a range of positive passenger responses with complaint handling being seen as a key element in service recovery.Analyzing the social structure indoors of Emirates Airline as a large air company in the world and which model of organizations they used, I found that this company is provided and followed by service recovery strategies as an important element in service process. The service recovery strategies are consisted of eight components1. Act quickly (usually use as an apology)2. Provide adequate explanations3. Treat passengers fairly4. Cultivate relationships with passengers5. Learn from recovery experience6. Learn from lost passengers as passengers7. Fail-safe the service8. hybridize complaintsAccording this type of service recovery strategies, which was chosen by the Emirates Airline Company, I can say that this air company is t ried to involves and to correct new manners of psychological behaviours in organisational process between employee and passenger, because it is interested in passengers positive recommendations about their air lines to family and friends are an important, cost-effective method of promotion which are suggested to make profit. The goals of service recovery strategies are consisted how to forgather the passenger in during that time when the flight is on the board, identifies and corrects the problems in a time without negative effects and alters professional air staff to be helpful and friendly with passengers.The Emirates Airline company, as the biggest air company in the world, is recognized the service recovery as a significant causal factor of passenger satisfaction and loyalty. The most common and normally what they used in service recovery are1. apology2. assistance3. compensationThe apology can be in cardinal forms verbal and writing. For example, in the Emirates Airline , I found the tactical way which the air staff used in the during flights time. If some kind of the drinks or some kind of the repasts are complete in the during flight, and that time one of the passengers needs persistently, so air staff solve the problem by nicely and kindly form in offering to choose another drinks and meals which they have in menu. The writing form is used when the situation or problems are decided by prescribed form from Emirates Airline management.The assistance is used in finding the luggage by air staff which are in the airports (local or international terminals). Emirates Airline is suggested to find luggage by modern technology as operational efficiency between operations and general carcass of expert supporting inside the airport where were going lost luggage.The compensation is frequent form of the service recovery, which can be financial form, its meant that the Emirates Airline is able to pay the compensation from the negative effects in during the flights time if the occurrences were happened without passengers fault. some other form of compensations are vouchers, free upgrades to gifts or loyalty miles, can also be defined against a complaint category and stored for each complaint. Vouchers can be auto-generated and points can be auto-credited into the members account. Tier upgrades can be provided as compensation, and tier downgrades or expiry of points can also be confine for members.Why are the air staff so qualified and professional in the service recovery? The Emirates Airline Company invests much more time and money in deviseing each new employee than many of its competitors. There are 18,179 employees work in the Emirates Airline who are serve after 3 months of 13 indoctrination will receive 450 hours of formulation in their first year and 160 hours of training every year after. education programs include methods of the communication with passengers in the board during the flights, how they can make service wit hout negative effects proficient use the smile or literate speech which are based on the psychological principles. The motivation employees, train them, care about them, and make winners of them are successful steps in the service recovery. The Emirates Airline knows that if they treat their employees correctly, they will treat the passengers right. And if the passengers are handle right, they will come back.Effective service recovery is not just an after-thought but is rather an intentionally designed part of service delivery system that has been planned into the service design in support of the service recovery strategies. The Emirates Airline believes that the service recovery is one of the most important key factors differentiating business performance and success between competitors.Understanding the system of the service recovery in the Emirates Airline Company, how they can solve and decide situations with passengers before the flight, during the flights time, and after the flight without negative effects, I was analysing that this air company however has failures, mistakes and complaints which could be happened in the process of service delivery. The service failure occurs when the passengers do not get basic services from air company. The passengers matter centre of the service failure because they have been promised or contracted, either directly or implied and are basic to the whole service experience, for example, in the Emirates Airline, this is reservations air tickets which could be booked in prescribed website or in the official agency. According statistical report which was established by the Emirates Airline, I could see which kind of service failures and complaints were happened in during flighting process, which are widespread and how this air company tried to minimized effects.The service failures, which were founded in the Emirates Airline Company1. good problems (conflict of interests)2. Personnel failures3. Safety issues4. Baggage handling5. Ticketing matter6. Doing work as well as slowly in-flight7. Responses to service failure8. Employee responses to customer needs and requestsThe most atrocious failure in the Emirates Airline was slow the service in-flight, the drink and the meal brought lately, the air staff were unhelpful and unfriendly because on the board were about 175 passengers who were flied on the long destinations. Other frequently mentioned problems related to federal agent operations which were provided booking and reservation air tickets. After according that statistic report, the Emirates Airline was developed absolutely new model of the service recovery strategies which were helped to solve and minimized the service failures in the organizational process and satisfied the passengers in-flight and on the ground. This air company was organized Service Recovery Management, that the functions are detection, analyzing and solving service failure without negative effects between organization an d passengers. finding It is very difficult to exceed passengers expectations in service recovery. The Emirates Airline typically exceed passengers expectations in problem situations in only one of 10 problem occurrences. This air company are at least tetrad times more likely to fail to satisfy a passenger in recovery efforts than they are to exceed expectations. When the Emirates Airline resolves problems in a method that meets, but does not exceed expectations, satisfaction scores are significantly lower than when an experience is problem-free. The only time satisfaction and loyalty are improved after a problem is when service has been bully throughout the entire experience. Outstanding problem resolution is seen as a part of a larger service culture in spite of appearance the air company, not as a stand-alone reaction. Recovery efforts arguably introduce a much greater cost compared to the type of service recovery and service failure. Good training provides air staff with the skills and confidence to perform well. Giving them the opportunity to practice their customer service skills in a safe environment will help them to apply those skills in the gross revenue environment. Good service in the Emirates Airline is tightly linked to good sales. If service standards are poor, sales performance will inevitably be poor as well. Satisfied, loyal air staff will take proper care of their passengers, resulting in high levels of passengers satisfaction and repeated successful sales. On the service recovery in Emirates Airline Company is influenced the elements as the air company will be successful in the organizational processEnvironmentQualification staffPerformanceMotivation closeThis research paper has reported the master(prenominal) reasons of service failure within international airline company which is the Emirates Airline Company. The findings shown that service recovery honesty can only be achieved through passenger satisfaction, professional staff and l oyalty as a result of senior management commitment. The paper has determined the air companys process of service recovery with respect to the main causes of service failure, in its goal to achieving passenger satisfaction. There are deuce component consisted service recovery. The first one is service failure and the randomness factor is satisfaction. In this structural model, I also mentioned about two predictors which can directly influence on service recovery. Qualification employees and loyalty directly impact on service recovery, that I explained earlier the way that how they can increasing high-level, be perfect in relationships with passengers of the Emirates Airline company in details.This research paper is confirmed previous assertions that passengers satisfaction and loyalty require high levels of management commitment, as well as frequent communication and indicated that for service recovery to be effective, it must be foreign (to the passengers) as well as sexual (to t he air company) so that internal improvement can be ensured. The Emirates Airline has to conduct surveys from time to time to get the uttermost feedback from employees and first time passengers as well. The Emirates Airline has to improve passengers satisfaction without negative effects after covering failure, tries to provider training programs for air staff, because the service recovery is so important for reputation air company. They should be more focus on the solving problems between air company and passengers by professional way because one of the weaknesses that a conjure up company faces is the de centralized organizational structure. So controlling the big company such as the Emirates Airline would be very difficult without having the centralized and good structure in the organization. For the huge air companies such as the Emirates Airline that is geographically apart, using the virtual organization in order to control the all aspect of the company is essential. In conclu sion, for each air company, especially for large air companies, the service recovery is one the most important part in organization that can make the air company more successful because I can reach all the important success key such as passengers satisfaction and encourages of passengers and employees, correct behavior, better communication and highest service quality through the air company. one time a air company decides how it wants its members to behave, what attitudes it wants to encourage, and what it wants its members to accomplish, it can then design its structure and encourage the development of the cultural values and norm to obtain these desire attitudes, behaviors, and goals.

HIV Screening for Pregnant Mothers | Research

benevolent immunodeficiency virus Screening for Pregnant Mothers queryINTRODUCTIONThere is such a special sweetness in being able to participate in creation Pamela S.NadevPassing the unhealthiness to a new innate(p) is a military personnel rights violation. This should stop and entirely(prenominal) of us must try to make this a success, Oscar Fernandes (Head of Forum of parliamentarians on human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS) reportedly said when asked just about human immunodeficiency virus top among with kid(predicate) women.Pregnancy is what make our life on earth keeps going. Making a healthy progeny, would help the existence of our species in our natural GOD apt(p) form. If the progeny is non good, who k without delays, man might again turn to be monkeys as by Darwins theory. But thats non what we atomic number 18 going to discuss here. As Oscar Fernandes says, giving a disease is a serious human rights violation, which I would call a great sin.India has a low human immunodeficiency virus preponderance of 0.34 percent while in term of psyches infected, India is home to the third largest proceeds of people musical accompaniment with human immunodeficiency virus in the world. N archeozoic 5% of transmittance be attributable to parent to small fry transmittal. field AIDS Control Organisation estimated that 2.39 gazillion people brood with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in India in 2008 2009, a more(prenominal)(prenominal) novel investigation by the Million Death Study Collaborators in the British medical exam Journal (2010) estimates the population to be between 1.4 1.6 zillion people. In the last ten years 50% decline has been seen in the egress of new human immunodeficiency virus infections. (British Medical journal 2009)Pandey et al., (2008-2009) updated the adult human immunodeficiency virus preponderance and number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus in India for the year 2008-2009. It revea take that the estimated number of people living with HIV is 2.4 million (1.93 3.04 million) in 2009, of which, 39% are women, children under 15yrs of while account for 4.4% of all infections. NACO had estimated that in that respect was 0.31% of HIV prevalence among adults (15yrs above).According to UNICEF, it is estimated that there are between 22,000 and 61,000 HIV big(predicate) women living with HIV in India. Although the percentage of pregnant women tested for HIV change magnitude from 2% in 2005 to 23% in 2010, test c all overage is lock low. The more recent National AIDS Control Organisation data, India has demonstrate a reduction of 57 % in estimated annual new infections from 0.274 million in 2000 to 0.116 million in 2011, and the estimated number of people living with HIV was 2.08 million in 2011. A study to determine seroprevalence of HIV in pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital (Kurnool Medical College) India was conducted in 2011. Out of 11,671 pregnant women, 53 w ere found to be collateral for HIV (0.45%). (Devi R.A., Shyamala R. (2011)Alvarez-Uria G., Midde M., Naik K.P. et al., (2011) suggested that the HIV prevalence in young pregnant women trim from 1.22% in 2007 to 0.35% in 2011. A reduction in HIV prevalence was seen in all sub roots except in women from forward castes. Women whose job was not link to agriculture and women who had only completed primary education were more desirely to be HIV- infected.According to NFHS-II figures, overall HIV prevalence was high among urban than rural populations. However some states had a slightly higher(prenominal) HIV prevalence among rural populations than urban populations namely Punjab, Tamilnadu and Uttar Pradesh. In 2006, HIV prevalence among mothers att poleing antenatal clinics is more than 1% in 118 districts. 81 districts have an HIV prevalence of 5% in one or more of the high risk groups.In Tamilnadu, NFH look II found, HIV prevalence at antenatal clinics was 0.88% in 2002 and 0.5% i n 2005, though several districts allay have rates above 1%. The general population survey of 2005-2006 found a rate of 0.34% across the state. According to recent National AIDS Control Organisation data, there was 0.25% of antenatal clinic HIV prevalence 2007. Infochange India.Dash M., Mohanty I., Sahu S., Narasimham M., Padhi S., Panda P. (2012)reported that among 18,905 pregnant women counselled, 15,853 (83.85%) were accepted for HIV testing. From the total 15,853 testing in 61/2 years, 0.66% women were found to be HIV seropositive. The taut age of HIV positive women was 24.31 years (SD 3.9yrs). The HIV seroprevalence rates showed a declining trend from1.53% in 2006 to 0.34% in 2012. Among seropositive women majority (43.8%) were in the age group of 25-29years.UNAIDS found that mother to child transmission is the largest source of HIV infection in children below the age of 15yrs and the estimates of children living with HIV in 2012 was 3.3 million. The vocalize technical missi on on PPTCT (2006) found that out of 27 million annual pregnancies in India, 1,89,000 occur in HIV positive pregnant women. If not intervened timely, an estimate of 56,700 infected babies give be born annually. (NACO)Kaushal A., Udadhyay Y. (2007) give tongue to that children of today are the youth of tomorrow. Human immunodeficiency virus put ons this precise precious generation and bear grave consequences to our prox, our nation, the continent and the world at large. It will adversely impact the health statistics, economic growth and above all the morale of nations. The main thrust areas allow the newborn component of legal profession of parent to child transmission (PPTCT), follow up of the HIV clear infant, counselor-at-law mothers to decide the right infant feeding choices and appropriate diagnosis of infected childrenNanavati R., Mondkar J., Kabra N.(2006) found that in the pandemic of HIV infection, mother to child transmission accounts for over 90% of HIV infectio ns in children below the age of 15yrs. With nearly 27 million babies born in our country all year and given 0.7% prevalence rate of HIV infections in pregnancy, the estimates are about 1,89,000 HIV infected women deliver in India and as per the NACO 2005 estimates, approximately 60,000 HIV infected infants are added to the existing load each year. or so 10% of worlds burden of vertical transmission of HIV infection comes from India. Unfortunately, less(prenominal) than 4% of pregnancies avail prevention of PTC transmission services, less than 7% of such exposed mother- baby couples are put in prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT)- regimen of single battery-acid of NVP and less than 3.5% of such babies are actually prevented from getting infected from their mothers. This is outlying(prenominal)ther less than United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) goals of 20% reduction in MTCT, which was to be achieved by 2005. It is equally important to permit s upport to those, who are infected inspite of best efforts. This is huge task for a country like India. (National Neonatology Forum)NEED FOR THE STUDYScreening for HIV has been compel mandatory in India because of the increased threat of child being born with HIV. Thousands of babies are born with HIV positive status as they bring home the bacon the virus while in their mothers womb. So now our government of India has imposed mandatory HIV testing for all pregnant women. Though there is much of advancement in experience, people steady widen their eyes on sound of the word HIV itself. quite a little just dont want to acquaint with HIV in any way, even for testing. And some who have this doubt, about the possibility of getting HIV are worried about confidentiality. India must produce a generation without HIV. This is possible if we go for detecting the virus in all single pregnant women before delivery. (UNAIDS executive director)Michel Sidibe said. This decision of the governme nt was not very much welcomed because of the lack of sentience among the primi mothers.According to USPSTF (U.S. Preventive go Task Force) 2013, the goal of bringing end to AIDS starts with diagnosis of individual people. Current treatment has made HIV infection a continuing disease by prolonging survival and preventing further transmission. Bringing the epidemic to end will be very tough and only effective cover song can make it possible. For any natural covering guideline and protocol to be effective, cognisance about its seriousness must be realisen to people. (Das,M., Volberding,P. (2013).In September 2013 BBC Health NEWS, said that researchers at Keeleuniversity found HIV was becalm widely seen as a disease of young people. They said senior(a) women, in particular, fear they will be seen as undignified or informally irresponsible. Many in the study also expressed fears over the uncertain impact of the disease as they moved into old age. Dr.Dana Rosenfeld, who led the project used focus groups, surveys and life history interviews with 76 onetime(a) people in the London area living with the virus. She says there was an large noesis gap in this field. She continued that it has revealed a sense of foreboding about how they may be sensed.(Brimelow,A. (2013)Addo,N.V.(2005) conducted a descriptive study to measure the knowledge about HIV/AIDS and attitudes to VCT among 334 antenatal attendants at KomfoAnokye learn Hospital (KATH). The study summarizes that about 50% of respondents said a HIV positive woman could transmit HIV to her baby before kin but had no idea of any means to prevent this.He,N., et al. (2009) conducted a descriptive study on knowledge, attitudes and practices of voluntary HIV counselling and testing among rural migrants in Shangai, China. A questionnaire was administered face to face. Among 2,690 participants, 78% had lifetime sexual intercourse with 41.3% of singles, 9.2% had multiple sex partners in the past year, only 19% had always used condoms and only 2.3% had ever had HIV testing. As far as this report is concerned, effort should be made to improve the awareness among public so as to increase usage of voluntary counselling and testing centres.Ekabua J.E., Oyo-ha A.E., Oquji D.S., Omuemu V.O. (2005) conducted a descriptive multi-centric study of 400 antenatal attendees in Calabar, employ pre-tested, semi- structured and interviewer administered questionnaire for data collection. The study states that out of 96.7% women with knowledge of HIV infection, 41.2% were assessed to have excellent knowledge of the mode of transmission. Awareness of antenatal HIV concealment was observed in 96.2% women while 93.7% approved of antenatal HIV screening. Awareness and approval of antenatal HIV screening was significantly related to age and educational status.In a developing country like India, where HIV screening is made mandatory for all antenatal mothers, there is a foreseen risk of developing negligence in imparting awareness to the public. A test like this can also be through with(p) without much emphasize on knowledge regarding HIV, its screening, prevention and treatment availability. In situations like this, we find it important to evaluate or assess the knowledge and attitude aspect of the Indian antenatal women regarding HIV screening. The goal of grasp a HIV free generation will not be possible unless everyone of our nation cooperate and participate. There arise the need to know the awareness among primi mothers and their attitude regarding routine HIV screening.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA study to assess knowledge and attitude regarding HIV screening among primigravida mothers in selected Maternity centres, CoimbatoreOBJECTIVESTo assess the knowledge regarding HIV screening among primigravida mothers.To assess the attitude regarding HIV screening among Primigravida mothers.To associate demographic variable with knowledge and attitude scores towards HIV screening.To associat e knowledge and attitude regarding HIV screening among primigravida mothers.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION judgeThis term refers to evaluate or estimate the knowledge and attitude regarding HIV screening among primigravida mothers.KNOWLEDGERefers to the familiarity and awareness of primigravida mother to the transmission of HIV, purpose of its screening and its importanceATTITUDERefers to the expression of favour or disfavour feeling towards HIV screening among primigravida mothersHIV screeningRefers to the Anti HIV1 and 2 (rapid) done for Primigravida mother to detect human immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.PRIMIGRAVIDA MOTHERThis refers to a woman who is first time pregnant and is in her first trimester and have not had an abortion previously.conceptual FRAMEWORKConceptual framework of the study had been developed from Nola J.Pender, Health progress Model (revised). The Health Promotion Model (revised) deals how the individuals are motivated to emplo y in ports directed towards the enhancement of health. The components of the HPM (revised) include,Individual characteristics and experiencesBehavior specific cognitions and affectBehavior outcomeHealth promotion is defined as look motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential. Predicting factors are prior related behavior, personal factor, biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. Influencing factors are perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy, activity related affect, social figure outs and situational influences. Competing factors are immediate competing demand and preferences. Factor favoring action is commitment to a final cause of action which ultimately leading to health promoting behavior.This model is useful in assessing knowledge and attitude, which favours the health promoting action- the HIV screening. In our nation, HIV screening is made mandatory, but the willingness to take up the action among the pregnant women is what assessed using this conceptual framework. Health teaching could be initiated in order to take out ignorance and misconceptions about HIV screening.The first component dealt is individual characteristics and experiences. This component is very unique to each person and is divided into prior related behavior and personal factors. Prior related behavior is more of predictive of future action or behavior and is linked to gathered information about HIV screening, taken HIV screening prior to marriage, Initiated HIV screening of the partner before marriage. Personal factors are those that are unique and would influence behavior or action. It includes Age, Religion, Education. Biological factor is linked to sickness of the past. psychological factor includes fear of HIV, while sociocultural factor include stain.In this study, the second component behavior specific cognitions and affect is influenced by perceived benefits of action such a s early medical approach and early intervention to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV perceive barriers to action such as perceived no risk, social stigma and poor attitude regarding HIV screening. Perceived self-efficacy includes ability to take up HIV screening Activity related affect includes result- oriented questionable feelings of uncertainity. Interpersonal influences include learning from others situational influences such as public indigence to HIV screening and access to health care Immediate competing demands include fear of needles and preferences include postponding HIV screening commitment to a plan of action include initiation to take HIV screening by approaching health services at specific time and place.In this study, the third component health promoting behavior is influenced by asking for HIV screening related information, taking up HIV screening, convincing first mate to take up HIV screening and propagating information regarding HIV screening to othe rs.1

The Combines Act :: essays research papers

The Combines ActJ.C.H. Joness article "The Economics of the National Hockey conference" (1969)purpose is to unionizeulate through simple micro economics that the apex motive ofprofessional hockey group owners is receipts maximization. The owners argue thattheir of import interest is "for the love of the game," not the financial benefits ofowning a professional sports privilege and to avoid government regulations suchas the Combines Act (note 1).An article scripted in 1982 by J.A. Schofield entitled "The Development of FirstClass play in England," states the behavior of sport cartels. Three openinges are used to explain the behavior described by Schofield, number twobeing real by J.C.H. Jones (1969). (1) The profit maximization hypothesis.(2)The joint profit maximization hypothesis that the entire cartel ( unify)strives for. This hypothesis does not incorporate non profit objectives that set group behavior. (3) The utility maximization baffle that a llow for manypossibilities unwashedly compromising arguments such as the success of the team ata given year and paid attendance for the teams venue.By explaining the frame move of a professional sports league Jones introduces usto factors that make an organized league function, which seems quite familiar toany other monopolistic markets. Since no team can create any revenue bythemselves they must form a coalition with another club to produce a profitgenerating output, namely a hockey game. Other clubs enter this coalition and accordinglycreating a formal league which we call the National Hockey League. Jones thenstates how revenue is generated in the N.H.L and how it is affected by certainfactors.A hypothetic model of the N.H.L is created by Jones with all things being equal,creating an equilibrium amongst all clubs. The model is then adjusted to reallife variables that turns his theoretical model into what we issue as the N.H.L.Jones variables includes the incentive for team s to win (this being the StanelyCup), different quality of doers, the nonprofessional draft (a draft at the end of theseason which amateur players a selected, last place team gets first pick and soforth), and player redistribution(trades).By applying microtheory Jones clearly presents his argument which I was able tounderstand with my current knowledge of microeconomics. Jones examines therevenue side of an individual team using the usual variables tastes, prices,incomes, quality and substitutes. On the supply side Jones stresses that themajor element is the benevolent inputs namely the hockey players. The data that Jonesused was team statistics such as their final rank at the end of the season andthe paid attendance as a percentage of maximum seating capacity.

The Power of Fear in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth The tremendous Power of Fear   Fear motivates us to do many things, whether they atomic number 18 right or wrong. In the crop Macbeth, hero-worship was the main motivation that influenced the outcome of the play. This brook be be by the subsequent murders after(prenominal)wards Duncans. Why were these committed? Macbeth was scared of being caught and having to pay for the wrongs he had done. Also, cheek at Lady Macbeth. The constant backwash of her hands, sleepwalking, and other behavior desire this is done out of care. It resembles her husband panic of being caught. The final fix of proof is Macbeths actions. They were all due to fear, non only of being caught moreover of the witches prophecies. He was scared of them coming authentic and tried to stop them from happening. This safe and sound play was inspired by fear and what it can do to a person. A good first representative of this principle can be illustrated by the subsequent murders that M acbeth committed after he killed Duncan. Macbeth had just killed the world-beater of Scotland and blamed it on his son. It worked, and he became King. However, he remembered the witches prophecies. They claimed that Macbeth would be King, but it would be Banquos children that would follow after him. This made Macbeth precise angry, and he risked everything to become King. Unfortunately, his family would never wear the crown after his death.   notwithstanding for them and mine eternal embellish Given to the common enemy of man, To serve them kings, the seeds of Banquo kings Act III, S I, L 72-75 Here, Macbeth realizes that if something is not done to Banquo, his sons go away become Kings. Macbeth can not have this. He had already worried that his soul will go to hell for what he had done. His fear become evident in this scene also, "But to be safely thus our fears in Banquo charge deep" Act III, S I, L 53-54 Macbeth has Banquo murdered, And Banquos son Fleance manages to escape from the attack. Next, Macduff refuses to assent Macbeth as king and flees to England to fall in Malcom. The witches tell him to beware of Macduff, which angers Macbeth and drives him to kill Macduffs family. The fear of losing the impending battle with England makes Macbeth get doing anything that will give him an edge in the final battle.The Power of Fear in Shakespeares Macbeth GCSE English Literature Coursework Macbeth The Tremendous Power of Fear   Fear motivates us to do many things, whether they are right or wrong. In the play Macbeth, fear was the main motivation that influenced the outcome of the play. This can be proved by the subsequent murders after Duncans. Why were these committed? Macbeth was scared of being caught and having to pay for the wrongs he had done. Also, look at Lady Macbeth. The constant washing of her hands, sleepwalking, and other behavior like this is done out of fear. It resembles her husband fear of being caug ht. The final piece of proof is Macbeths actions. They were all due to fear, not only of being caught but of the witches prophecies. He was scared of them coming true and tried to stop them from happening. This whole play was inspired by fear and what it can do to a person. A good first example of this principle can be illustrated by the subsequent murders that Macbeth committed after he killed Duncan. Macbeth had just killed the King of Scotland and blamed it on his son. It worked, and he became King. However, he remembered the witches prophecies. They claimed that Macbeth would be King, but it would be Banquos children that would follow after him. This made Macbeth very angry, and he risked everything to become King. Unfortunately, his family would never wear the crown after his death.   Only for them and mine eternal jewel Given to the common enemy of man, To make them kings, the seeds of Banquo kings Act III, S I, L 72-75 Here, Macbeth realizes that if something is not done to Banquo, his sons will become Kings. Macbeth can not have this. He had already worried that his soul will go to hell for what he had done. His fear become evident in this scene also, "But to be safely thus our fears in Banquo Stick deep" Act III, S I, L 53-54 Macbeth has Banquo murdered, And Banquos son Fleance manages to escape from the attack. Next, Macduff refuses to accept Macbeth as king and flees to England to join Malcom. The witches tell him to beware of Macduff, which angers Macbeth and drives him to kill Macduffs family. The fear of losing the impending battle with England makes Macbeth begin doing anything that will give him an edge in the final battle.

Cell Phones: Evolution Or Revolution? :: communication technology

jail cell Phones Evolution Or Revolution?Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world has conk a smaller and faster place. The time used to travel to out-of-the-way(prenominal) distances has decreased. The growth of new technologies, traveling and communicating has produce simple routine tasks for many people. Through the growth of global communication, people postulate become closer to others across the globe, and business has gone world wide. One figure that came along with the technological revolution is the Cell Phone. Cell calls allow us to be reachable anywhere at anytime, letting us exceed even while traveling. As time becomes more valuable for people, the greatness of accessibility to communication also increases. As with many things, new applied science brings some bad consequences. This paper will briefly discuss the information of cell phone and its uses along with the negative impact it can have on our health.The idea of cellular phone goes back to the 1940s. The vacuum underpass and the transistor do possible the early telephone network, but radio revolution began only after the low cost micro processors and digital switching became available (Farley 1). Dr. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems course of instruction at Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. Cooper made the first call on a portable cell phone in April 1973. He made the call to his rival, Joel Engel, campana Labs head of research. Bell Laboratories introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947 with the police car technology. However, Motorola was the first to incorporate the technology into portable device that was designed for outside of an motorcar use. The cell phone got its cellular name because the system uses many found stations to divide a service area into multiple cells. cellular calls are transferred from base station to base station as the user travels from cell to cell. Ha ve you ever wonder why other countries are further advanced in their telephone technology. Have you noticed that lacquer is always coming out with smaller and better phones? The reason for this is the federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC governs the airwaves of the United States. When concept of cell phones started, AT&T recognized the need for more radio spectrum frequencies. They proposed the FCC allocated more airwaves so that widespread cellular service would be feasible (Corr 121). This would give AT&T the drive to research the new technology.

Andrew :: essays research papers

Andrew capital of Mississippi and his policies beef up the new American nationalism. Through his actions during his political relation, he changed the nation into a much nationalistic country. Jackson was a world of the people, and he laboriously matte that the common serviceman was the power behind government. There were some(prenominal) diametrical aspects that reverberate Jackson and American nationalism. Many factors, including his personality, his policies, his actions, and the way he mirrored American nationalism changed America into what become less of an aristocracy and more(prenominal) of a democracy to benefit the common man. Jackson was a man of humble background. In his time, a man that was born in a cabin was looked upon highly, and or so of those with more noble upbringings actually apologized for not being born in more humble surroundings. Jackson was a brash, stubborn man. He first got his fame in 1815 when he defeated the British regular army at New O rleans with his untrained militia. Then in 1818, he violated Spanish territory without any authorization and hung 2 Spanish subjects for supposedly aiding some of the Indians that were being hunted. He lost the election for administration in 1824, and claimed it was done so by a "corrupt steal between Adams and Clay. He finally got his presidency in 1828. Most of his votes came from the air jacket and South. When he was in office, he made it clear that he would shake up his way. He was labeled "King Jackson the First" by some and he expanded the power of the President. He supported a strong national government and used his power to get what he wanted. He vetoed 12 times in his 2 terms in office. His presidency was one of violence, and a sort of monarchy rule. The second main point that Jackson strengthened nationalism is his policies while in office. Jackson firmly believed that thegovernment should be restricted to become the "simple machine which the Constituti on created". He was truly a man of the people. He also ignored many of the decisions made by the Supreme Court. Another thing was the Jackson had a strong personality and was well liked. However, I feel that many of Jacksons supporters didnt notice where he stood on the views, but they supported him because he was a man of the people. He didnt make his view clear many times, but free received support from the people.